{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:09:00Z","timestamp":1789031340893,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-00519698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00519698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2025-00519698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00519698"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the micro-shear bond strength (\u03bcSBS) of TheraCal PT (TP), Endocem MTA Premixed Heavy (EC), One-Fil Putty (OF), and BC Universal RRM (RM) bonded to a flowable composite resin using two universal adhesives (G-Premio Bond or Prime &amp; Bond Universal) in two etching modes (etch-and-rinse or self-etch). Disc-shaped specimens (n = 60 per pulp capping material) were allowed to set for 72 h and then divided into four groups according to the adhesive and etching mode used. The \u03bcSBS was measured using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed with three-way ANOVA and post hoc tests for the pulp capping material. Failure modes were determined. Spectra were recorded before and after adhesive application using attenuated total reflectance\u2013Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Three-way ANOVA revealed that the effects of the adhesive (p = 0.002), etching mode (p &lt; 0.001), and pulp capping material (p &lt; 0.001) on the \u03bcSBS were significant. The interaction between the adhesive and etching mode, as well as the interaction between the adhesive and pulp capping material, was significant (p &lt; 0.001). TP exhibited higher \u03bcSBS values than EC, OF, and RM. TP failed in mixed, cohesive, and adhesive modes, whereas EC, OF, and RM failed mostly cohesively within the material. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the functional monomer peaks on the material surfaces after adhesive application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17090465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shear Bond Strength of TheraCal PT and Calcium Silicate-Based Cement to a Flowable Composite Resin According to Bonding Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8843-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soram","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.03.033","article-title":"Partial pulpotomy in mature permanent teeth with clinical signs indicative of irreversible pulpitis: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"43","author":"Taha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2021.09.008","article-title":"4-Year follow-up of full pulpotomy in symptomatic mature permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure using a stainproof calcium silicate\u2013based material","volume":"48","author":"Taha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04310-y","article-title":"Outcomes of root canal therapy or full pulpotomy using two endodontic biomaterials in mature permanent teeth: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Asgary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.70028","article-title":"Outcome following complete and partial pulpotomy in managing cariously exposed mature permanent molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: A 5-year follow-up of a randomised clinical trial","volume":"58","author":"Ramani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"489","article-title":"Microleakage among different dental restorative materials: Causes, detection, and impact on marginal integrity","volume":"3","author":"Aljehani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.28.62","article-title":"Shear bond strengths of different adhesive systems to white mineral trioxide aggregate","volume":"28","author":"Bayrak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.09.006","article-title":"Mineral trioxide aggregate: A comprehensive literature review\u2014Part I: Chemical, physical, and antibacterial properties","volume":"36","author":"Parirokh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12843","article-title":"Mineral trioxide aggregate and other bioactive endodontic cements: An updated overview-part II: Other clinical applications and complications","volume":"51","author":"Torabinejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.09.009","article-title":"Mineral trioxide aggregate: A comprehensive literature review-part III: Clinical applications, drawbacks, and mechanism of action","volume":"36","author":"Parirokh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.11.053","article-title":"Coronal tooth discoloration and white mineral trioxide aggregate","volume":"39","author":"Felman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5569313","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5569313","article-title":"Minimal intervention in dentistry: A literature review on Biodentine as a bioactive pulp capping material","volume":"2021","author":"Arandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12990","article-title":"Shear bond strength of calcium silicate-based cements to composite resin using a universal adhesive in different application modes: An in vitro study","volume":"69","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2023.11.009","article-title":"Biocompatibility and bioactivity of a dual-cured resin-based calcium silicate cement: In vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"50","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/194504","article-title":"Examination of 6 and 12 month follow-up of calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate materials used in direct and indirect pulp capping","volume":"34","author":"Yavuz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-02876-2","article-title":"Histological evaluation of hard tissue formation after direct pulp capping with a fast-setting mineral trioxide aggregate (RetroMTA) in humans","volume":"23","author":"Dammaschke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2687","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of tricalcium silicate-based materials to composite resin with two different adhesive systems: An in vitro study","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.52037\/eads.2025.0007","article-title":"Impact of adhesive application modes on shear bond strength of resin composites to Biodentine","volume":"52","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"231","article-title":"Do restorative strategies and delayed restoration improve the bond strength to Biodentine? In vitro study on adhesive restorations on a calcium silicate-based cement","volume":"27","author":"Baena","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasieczna-Patkowska, S., Cichy, M., and Flieger, J. (2025). Application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in characterization of green synthesized nanoparticles. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030684"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2018.08.294","article-title":"FTIR characterization of the setting reaction of Biodentine\u2122","volume":"34","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-024-00970-w","article-title":"Effect of multi-layer applications of self-etch universal bonding agents on the adhesion of resin composite to enamel","volume":"113","author":"Silvestre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2021.46.e3","article-title":"Interface between calcium silicate cement and adhesive systems according to adhesive families and cement maturation","volume":"46","author":"Mocquot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Restor. Dent. Endod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, J., Yoo, G., Jang, J.-H., Kim, H.-J., Chang, S.W., Chung, S.H., and Oh, S. (2026). Effects of adhesive application timing on the push-out bond strength of four calcium silicate-based cements: A comparative study in vitro. BMC Oral Health.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-09259-6"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diez, C., Rojo, M.\u00c1., Mart\u00edn-Gil, J., Mart\u00edn-Ramos, P., Garrosa, M., and C\u00f3rdoba-Diaz, D. (2021). Infrared spectroscopic analysis of the inorganic components from teeth exposed to psychotherapeutic drugs. Minerals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/min12010028"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zeng, F., Sun, B., Jia, P., and Graham, I.T. (2019). Structural characterizations of aluminosilicates in two types of fly ash samples from Shanxi Province, North China. Minerals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/min9060358"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.30598\/\/ijcr.2023.11-mar","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of silica gel from palm shell and coir ash","volume":"11","author":"Sunarti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indo. J. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2016.07.009","article-title":"Hydration behaviors of calcium silicate-based biomaterials","volume":"116","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4103\/jips.jips_455_24","article-title":"Spectral characterization of biosynthesized silver nanomodified poly(methyl methacrylate) resin for denture applications","volume":"25","author":"Mushannavar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado, A.H.S., and Young, A.M. (2021). Modelling ATR-FTIR spectra of dental bonding systems to investigate composition and polymerisation kinetics. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14040760"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13182","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c01016","article-title":"Effects of phosphoric acid pre-etching on chemisorption between enamel and MDP-containing universal adhesives: Chemical and morphological characterization, and evaluation of its potential","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2341\/16-062-L","article-title":"Chemical interaction analysis of an adhesive containing 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) with the dentin in noncarious cervical lesions","volume":"42","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Qahtani, A.S., Tulbah, H.I., Binhasan, M., Shabib, S., Al-Aali, K.A., Alhamdan, M.M., and Abduljabbar, T. (2022). Influence of concentration levels of \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate on the physical properties of a dental adhesive. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12050853"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almusa, A., Delgado, A.H.S., and Young, A.M. (2025). Interpretation of ATR-FTIR spectra of dental adhesives throughout simultaneous polymerization and solvent loss. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325692"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almusa, A., Delgado, A.H.S., Ashley, P., and Young, A.M. (2021). Determination of dental adhesive composition throughout solvent drying and polymerization using ATR\u2013FTIR spectroscopy. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13223886"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2024.12.011","article-title":"Bonding performance of universal adhesive systems to enamel\u2013effects of the acidic composition","volume":"41","author":"Foly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrilho, E., Cardoso, M., Ferreira, M.M., Marto, C.M., Paula, A., and Coelho, A.S. (2019). 10-MDP based dental adhesives: Adhesive interface characterization and adhesive stability-a systematic review. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12050790"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"175","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties and performance of functional monomers used in contemporary dental adhesive technology","volume":"27","author":"Delgado","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.367904","article-title":"Microshear bond strength of composite to superficial dentin by use of universal adhesives with different pH values in self-etch and etch & rinse modes","volume":"20","author":"Hosseini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.69601\/meandrosmdj.1562662","article-title":"Shear bond strength of different calcium silicate based cements to composite and compomer","volume":"25","year":"2024","journal-title":"Meandros Med. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candan, M., Karaca, F.K.A., and \u00d6znurhan, F. (2023). Evaluation of the shear bond strength of immediate and delayed restorations of various calcium silicate-based materials with fiber-reinforced composite resin materials. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15193971"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740091401","article-title":"Shear vs. tensile bond strength of resin composite bonded to ceramic","volume":"74","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"288","article-title":"Shear bond strength of E. Max ceramic restoration to hydraulic calcium silicate based cement (Biodentine): An in vitro study","volume":"3","author":"Owaiwid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"231","article-title":"Microshear bond strength of tri-calcium silicate-based cements to different restorative materials","volume":"18","author":"Cengiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-015-0071-z","article-title":"Shear bond strength of Biodentine, ProRoot MTA, glass ionomer cement and composite resin on human dentine ex vivo","volume":"11","author":"Kaup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8831813","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8831813","article-title":"The effect of Biodentine maturation time on resin bond strength when aged in artificial saliva","volume":"2020","author":"Mustafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.11.150","article-title":"Adhesion to tooth structure: A critical review of \u201cmacro\u201d test methods","volume":"26","author":"Braga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ah\u0131sha, C.D., and \u00dc\u00e7ta\u015fl\u0131, M.B. (2026). Effect of aging on microshearing bond strength of different adhesive systems. BMC Oral Health, 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08010-5"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.08.029","article-title":"Atomic level observation and structural analysis of phosphoric-acid ester interaction at dentin","volume":"97","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/9\/465\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:35:38Z","timestamp":1789029338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/9\/465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb17090465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb17090465","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}