{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T09:19:09Z","timestamp":1789118349244,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional hydrogen peroxide (HP) tooth whitening treatments frequently induce structural deterioration of enamel, necessitating the development of biocompatible and highly efficient alternatives. This in vitro study investigated the application of a novel functional biomaterial, the Type I aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizer CPTQ, for peroxide-free photodynamic tooth whitening. Under white-light irradiation (25 mW\/cm2), CPTQ (12.5 \u03bcM) demonstrated rapid degradation of representative chromogenic molecules (crystal violet, malachite green, and rhodamine B). Extracted human teeth stained with both model pigments and complex beverage mixtures (coffee, tea, and fruit juices) were allocated into four treatment groups: negative control (NC), CPTQ, 7.5% HP, and 30% HP (n = 6 per group). Colorimetric parameters (\u0394E00, \u0394a*, \u0394b*, and \u0394L*) and enamel-related endpoints\u2014including surface morphology, roughness, mineral composition (Ca\/P), and microhardness\u2014were evaluated over 6 h and analyzed using one-way ANOVA. For pigment-stained teeth, the photodynamic whitening efficiency of CPTQ was comparable to that of 30% HP (\u0394E00, p &gt; 0.05) during the 6 h treatment period. At 1.5 h, the \u0394E00 value in the CPTQ group (23.35 \u00b1 2.32) was significantly greater than those in the NC group (15.70 \u00b1 1.78, p &lt; 0.05) and the 7.5% HP group (15.02 \u00b1 1.63, p &lt; 0.05). For beverage-stained teeth, the whitening efficiency (\u0394E00) of CPTQ was significantly greater than that of the control group at 1.5 h (6.22 \u00b1 2.09 vs. 1.82 \u00b1 0.56, p &lt; 0.01) and was significantly greater than that of 7.5% HP at 4.5 h (10.94 \u00b1 2.82 vs. 7.56 \u00b1 1.78, p &lt; 0.05). Crucially, unlike the change observed after 30% HP treatments, CPTQ treatment resulted in no statistically significant differences from NC in preserved enamel surface integrity, including morphology assessed by SEM, surface roughness (Ra and Sa, both p &gt; 0.05), mineral composition (Ca and P, both p &gt; 0.05), and microhardness (\u0394HV, p &gt; 0.05). Mechanistic investigations using reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers (TBA and DABCO) suggested that hydroxyl radicals generated via the Type I photodynamic pathway are the primary drivers of pigment degradation, reducing \u0394E00 from 12.56 to 1.09 upon \u2022OH inhibition. CPTQ achieved measurable in vitro whitening through a predominantly Type I ROS-mediated mechanism while causing limited changes in the evaluated enamel surface endpoints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17090466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:27:21Z","timestamp":1789036041000},"page":"466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Type I Aggregation-Induced Emission Photosensitizer Enables Peroxide-Free Photodynamic Tooth Whitening While Preserving Enamel Integrity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8210-1046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiqi","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jingheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yiyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yixue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Feng-Shou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2007.01729.x","article-title":"The Prevalence of Tooth Discolouration and the Self-Satisfaction with Tooth Colour in a Chinese Urban Population","volume":"34","author":"Xiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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