{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:05:28Z","timestamp":1792789528283,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Westfield Fund for Enhancing the Student Experience","award":["WF2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WF2015"]}]},{"name":"Barts Charity","award":["G-002362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-002362"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0513pp416","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["G-002362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-002362"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0513pp416","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pre-clinical training in endodontics relies heavily on typodont teeth to develop operative skills before patient care, but conventional polymer-based typodonts differ from human teeth in their cutting response, requiring greater force and producing an unrealistic cutting experience that often dissatisfies students. Methods: This study evaluated four alternative 3D-printed typodont materials\u201415 wt.% carbonated hydroxyapatite, 15 wt.% Puraflake\u00ae (glass flake filler), 15 wt.% zinc oxide, and a urethane\/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate resin composite\u2014based on their cutting force, post-cut surface roughness, and perceived cutting feel relative to extracted enamel, assessed via a five-point Likert scale questionnaire completed by 46 (n = 46) fourth- and fifth-year dental students. Results: No statistically significant differences in cutting force were detected between the four printed materials and extracted enamel, a finding confirmed using formal two one-sided equivalence testing (TOST); larger confirmatory studies would allow this equivalence to be established with greater statistical precision. Perception scores differed significantly between materials, and fifth-year students rated the dental resin composite significantly more favourably than fourth-year students, with only the composite effect surviving stringent Bonferroni correction across all four material comparisons, underscoring the reliability of this specific finding. Post-cut surface roughness showed a strong, statistically robust monotonic association with perception scores at the individual-respondent level (Page\u2019s L trend test, n = 46, p &lt; 0.001), suggesting that surface behaviour during material removal may contribute to perceived haptic similarity. Conclusions: Matching cutting force alone does not guarantee perceptual equivalence. Among the materials tested, the dental resin composite most closely approximated extracted-enamel surface roughness, received the most favourable and consistent perception scores, and is recommended as the preferred material for pre-clinical typodont fabrication where accessible. These 3D-printed typodonts offer a standardised, openly documented alternative to commercial typodonts for pre-clinical training, with digital models and manufacturing workflows openly available via an institutional platform (TactiTooth).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17090471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:03:17Z","timestamp":1789632197000},"page":"471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceptual Evaluation of 3D-Printed Typodont Teeth with Comparable Cutting Forces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0989-6651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Jon","family":"Cresswell-Boyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK"},{"name":"Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Centre for Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8775-3950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aylin","family":"Baysan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6673-032X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham Roy","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Centre for Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e72","article-title":"Students\u2019 perceptions of pre-clinical endodontic training with artificial teeth compared to extracted human teeth","volume":"21","author":"Basudan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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