{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:08:04Z","timestamp":1792789684480,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21DE031868-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21DE031868-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Texas A&M University New Faculty Startup funds","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01f5ytq51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01f5ytq51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Texas A&M Health 2026 Research Seedling Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the feasibility of fluoride delivery via fluoride-generating nonthermal atmospheric plasma (FNTAP) and its antimicrobial effects on in vitro triple-species oral biofilms. FNTAPs were generated by adding 5 or 10 sccm (standard cubic centimeters per min) 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (TFE) to atmospheric argon (3000 sccm) nonthermal plasma (ArNTAP). Reactive plasma species were measured in plasma-treated phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Twenty-four-hour biofilms were constructed from Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Candida albicans for assessing the antimicrobial effects of FNTAPs via viability assays and colony-forming unit (CFU) assays. FNTAP treatments significantly increased the concentrations of F\u2212 and NO2\u2212 in PBS compared to ArNTAP treatments (p &lt; 0.01), and decreased the concentrations of H2O2 and NO3\u2212 in PBS (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.05). 5 sccm 2 min FNTAP treatment reduced biofilm viability by 94.12 \u00b1 1.03% (p &lt; 0.001), compared to a 69.32 \u00b1 2.05% (p &lt; 0.001) reduction with ArNTAP. CFU assays showed that FNTAPs were especially efficacious against C. albicans. 5 sccm 3 min FNTAP treatment reduced fungal log10 CFUs by 4.28 \u00b1 0.36 (p &lt; 0.001). Fungal CFUs were below detectable levels for the 10 sccm 2 and 3 min groups, except for two data points in each group. In conclusion, FNTAP effectively produced measurable fluoride in PBS and significantly enhanced antimicrobial efficacy against triple-species biofilms, highlighting its potential as a multifunctional tool for caries control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17090477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:04:17Z","timestamp":1790067857000},"page":"477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Effect of Fluoride-Generating Nonthermal Atmospheric Plasmas on In Vitro Triple-Species Oral Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6321-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anushri","family":"Warang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9357-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingsong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4545-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongmin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515573272","article-title":"Global burden of untreated caries: A systematic review and metaregression","volume":"94","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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