{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T09:55:26Z","timestamp":1780048526944,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Childhood obesity is linked to motor and sensorimotor impairments, including proprioceptive deficits. While research has predominantly focused on lower limb proprioception, less is known about the impact on upper limbs. This study investigated the relationship between body mass index, body fat percentage, and proprioception of children aged 11\u201312 years. Methods: A quantitative, correlational, observational design was employed. BMI was calculated from weight and height measurements, body fat percentage was assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis, and proprioception was measured using an active repositioning test with inertial sensors in 44 children. Results: Significant correlations were found between BMI and positional errors in the shoulder (r = 0.64, p &lt; 0.001), elbow (r = 0.36, p = 0.007), and knee (r = 0.42, p = 0.002). Regarding body fat percentage, significant correlations were observed with positional errors in the shoulder (r = 0.28, p = 0.031), elbow (r = 0.46, p &lt; 0.001), and knee (r = 0.29, p = 0.030). Regression analysis showed that BMI and body fat percentage significantly predicted positional errors in the shoulder, elbow, and knee. In the shoulder joint, girls demonstrated lower positional errors compared to boys, influenced by both BMI (\u03b2 = \u22121.36, p = 0.015) and body fat percentage (\u03b2 = \u22123.00, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Higher BMI and body fat percentage are associated with shoulder, elbow, and knee joint proprioceptive deficits. Interventions targeting weight reduction and proprioceptive training may mitigate these deficits and promote sensorimotor function in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10010059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T06:06:06Z","timestamp":1739340366000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Fat Mass Percentage with Proprioception in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7001-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s, Talca 3460000, Chile"},{"name":"Pedagog\u00eda en Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7013-3894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeny","family":"Concha-Cisternas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1100000, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University ofC\u00e1diz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Rebolledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8409-6526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"V\u00e1squez-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Observaci\u00f3n y An\u00e1lisis de Datos en Salud, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3948-8280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Vald\u00e9s-Badilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile"},{"name":"Sports Coach Career, School of Education, Universidad Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Vi\u00f1a del Mar 2200055, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5219-5896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Herrera-Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 8370003, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9896-7062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro Asistencial Docente e Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile"},{"name":"Programa de Investigaci\u00f3n en Deporte, Sociedad y Buen Vivir, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.06.004","article-title":"Overview of Epidemiology and Contribution of Obesity and Body Fat Distribution to Cardiovascular Disease: An Update","volume":"61","author":"Poirier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engin, A.B., and Engin, A. (2017). The Definition and Prevalence of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Obesity and Lipotoxicity, Springer International Publishing. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48382-5_1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults during 1980\u20132013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2024, October 08). World Obesity Atlas 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldobesity.org\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28701B","article-title":"Childhood Obesity and Adult Morbidities","volume":"91","author":"Biro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwac187","article-title":"Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanistic Insights and Management Strategies. A Joint Position Paper by the World Heart Federation and World Obesity Federation","volume":"29","author":"Almahmeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"54","article-title":"Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Poirier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.09.017","article-title":"Obesity, Mechanical and Strength Relationships to Postural Control in Adolescence","volume":"35","author":"King","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzm\u00e1n-Mu\u00f1oz, E., Mendez-Rebolledo, G., N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Espinosa, C., Vald\u00e9s-Badilla, P., Monsalves-\u00c1lvarez, M., Delgado-Floody, P., and Herrera-Valenzuela, T. (2023). Anthropometric Profile and Physical Activity Level as Predictors of Postural Balance in Overweight and Obese Children. Behav. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13010073"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Guzm\u00e1n-Mu\u00f1oz, E., Vald\u00e9s-Badilla, P., Mendez-Rebolledo, G., Concha-Cisternas, Y., and Castillo-Retamal, M. (2018). Relationship between Anthropometry and Balance of Postural Control in Children 6\u20139 Years Old. Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.08.006","article-title":"Low Motor Performance Scores among Overweight Children: Poor Coordination or Morphological Constraints?","volume":"32","author":"Chivers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.11.006","article-title":"Postural Control in Obese Adolescents Assessed by Limits of Stability and Gait Initiation","volume":"28","author":"Frelut","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.14482\/sun.36.2.616.398","article-title":"Postural Control in Children with Overweight and Obesity: A Review of Literature","volume":"36","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sun"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biino, V., Pellegrini, B., Zoppirolli, C., Lanza, M., Gilli, F., Giuriato, M., and Schena, F. (2023). Gross Motor Coordination in Relation to Weight Status: A Longitudinal Study in Children and Pre-Adolescents. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1242712"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Waal, E., and Pienaar, A.E. (2021). Influences of Persistent Overweight on Perceptual-Motor Proficiency of Primary School Children: The North-West CHILD Longitudinal Study: Persistent Overweight and Perceptual-Motor Proficiency in Children. BMC Pediatr, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02708-x"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.08.040","article-title":"Fine and Gross Motor Skills Differ between Healthy-Weight and Obese Children","volume":"34","author":"Gentier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, W.M.A., Silva, K.G.D., Silva, R.K.P., Souza, A.P.D.S., Silva, A.B.J.D., Silva, M.R.M., Fernandes, M.S.D.S., Souza, S.L.D., and Souza, V.D.O.N. (2022). Effects of Overweight\/Obesity on Motor Performance in Children: A Systematic Review. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.759165"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.10.024","article-title":"Effects of Overweight and Obese Body Mass on Motor Planning and Motor Skills during Obstacle Crossing in Children","volume":"35","author":"Gill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"71","article-title":"The Sensorimotor System, Part I: The Physiologic Basis of Functional Joint Stability","volume":"37","author":"Riemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17050","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17050","article-title":"Quadriceps Muscle Reaction Time in Obese Children","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uranga, R.M., and Keller, J.N. (2019). The Complex Interactions Between Obesity, Metabolism and the Brain. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00513"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-015-9626-4","article-title":"The Impact of Obesity on Skeletal Muscle Strength and Structure through Adolescence to Old Age","volume":"17","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Body Mass Index on Ulnar Nerve Conduction Velocity among Medical Students","volume":"1","author":"K","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ulnar Nerve Motor Conduction Velocity Correlates with Body Mass Index in Indian Young Healthy Subjects","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/bfpt.bfpt_11_17","article-title":"Influence of Obesity on Proprioception of Knee and Ankle Joints in Obese Prepubertal Children","volume":"23","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Fac. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"CR129","article-title":"Proprioception of Ankle and Knee Joints in Obese Boys and Nonobese Boys","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090399","article-title":"Proprioceptive Acuity Assessment Via Joint Position Matching: From Basic Science to General Practice","volume":"90","author":"Goble","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2014.10.004","article-title":"Assessing Proprioception: A Critical Review of Methods","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, N.R., and Braverman, E.R. (2012). Measuring Adiposity in Patients: The Utility of Body Mass Index (BMI), Percent Body Fat, and Leptin. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033308"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Li, D., and Vermund, S.H. (2024). Advantages and Limitations of the Body Mass Index (BMI) to Assess Adult Obesity. IJERPH, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21060757"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2019.10.2.10","article-title":"Percentage Body Fat Is As a Good Indicator for Determining Adolescents Who Are Overweight or Obese: A Cross-Sectional Study in Vietnam","volume":"10","author":"Trang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12045","article-title":"Reliability of Field Methods for Estimating Body Fat","volume":"33","author":"Loenneke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct Imaging"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803232","article-title":"Body Fat Reference Curves for Children","volume":"30","author":"McCarthy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2021.1887072","article-title":"Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Psychomotor Development and Active Joint Position Sense in School Children","volume":"54","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1293-2965(22)47314-2","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de la propiocepci\u00f3n: Pruebas de estatestesia y cinestesia en la pr\u00e1ctica cl\u00ednica","volume":"44","author":"Bruyneel","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMC-Kinesiterapia-Med. F\u00edsica"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2024.07.037","article-title":"Investigation of Physical Parameters Influencing Body Awareness in Adults with Obesity: An Observational, Controlled Study","volume":"40","author":"Kesgin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199811)21:11<1398::AID-MUS6>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Body Mass Index Effect on Common Nerve Conduction Study Measurements","volume":"21","author":"Buschbacher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4103\/2348-8093.149757","article-title":"Assessment of Motor Nerve Conduction in Healthy Obese Indian Population","volume":"1","author":"Pal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mignardot, J.-B., Olivier, I., Promayon, E., and Nougier, V. (2010). Obesity Impact on the Attentional Cost for Controlling Posture. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014387"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gender Specific Effect of Obesity on Knee Proprioception in Weight Bearing and Non-Weight Bearing Position","volume":"25","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"JK Practitioner"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-006-0143-5","article-title":"Effects of Menstrual-Cycle Hormone Fluctuations on Musculotendinous Stiffness and Knee Joint Laxity","volume":"15","author":"Eiling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2024.101782","article-title":"Unveiling the Menstrual Mind: Exploring Proprioceptive Proficiency, Reaction Responsiveness, and Motor Mastery in Premenstrual Syndrome versus Non-PMS Cohorts: A Two-Arm Parallel Non-Blinded Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"29","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosavi Ghomi, M., Shariati, M., Mokhtari, M., and Ramezani Nowrozani, F. (2021). The Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone Hormones on Active Hip Joint Position Sense in Healthy Women in Different Phases of a Menstrual Cycle. JMR.","DOI":"10.18502\/jmr.v15i3.7735"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilfarb, R.A., and Leuner, B. (2022). GABA System Modifications During Periods of Hormonal Flux Across the Female Lifespan. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.802530"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Glenister, R., and Sharma, S. (2025, February 03). Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Hip, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK526019\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.02.2019.11","article-title":"Teenagers\u2019 perceptions of their scoliotic curves. An observational study of comparison between sports people and non-sports people","volume":"9","author":"Notarnicola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/1\/59\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:29:47Z","timestamp":1760027387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/1\/59"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk10010059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk10010059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]]}}}