{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T02:47:47Z","timestamp":1783219667758,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Repeated spiking and serving movements in volleyball can lead to alterations in shoulder range of motion among athletes, potentially increasing the risk of shoulder instability and injury. Hence, assessing and understanding the shoulder range of motion of volleyball players is a critical concern. Therefore, this study aimed to understand and evaluate the bilateral shoulder joint range of motion (ROM) in high-school male volleyball athletes and to discover the adaptation characteristics. Methods: Forty high-school male volleyball athletes participated in this study. Shoulder ROM measurements were taken via video with an iPhone 12 Pro Max, and we analyzed the ROM data using Kinovea software (Version 0.9.5) for both the dominant and non-dominant side. The shoulder ROM measurements included shoulder hyper-extension (SE), flexion (SF), internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), horizontal adduction (Sadd), and horizontal abduction (Sabd). After taking shoulder ROM measurements, the total rotational range of motion (TROM) was calculated based on the participants\u2019 shoulder internal rotation and external rotation data, and we calculated the incidence of glenohumeral internal rotation deficiency (GIRD) among participants. Paired samples t-tests were used to analyze shoulder ROM differences between the dominant and non-dominant side. Results: The dominant side of the shoulder showed significantly lower internal rotation (dominant side: 42.17 \u00b1 11.23\u00b0; non-dominant side: 52.14 \u00b1 10.46\u00b0; p = 0.000) and total rotational ROM (dominant side: 137.11 \u00b1 13.09\u00b0; non-dominant side: 141.96 \u00b1 13.22\u00b0; p = 0.021) compared to the non-dominant side. Conversely, the dominant side of the shoulder exhibited significantly greater external rotation (dominant side: 94.96 \u00b1 10.02\u00b0; non-dominant side: 89.83 \u00b1 7.84\u00b0; p = 0.001) and shoulder horizontal adduction (dominant side: 44.87 \u00b1 8.10\u00b0; non-dominant side: 39.60 \u00b1 7.24\u00b0; p = 0.000) than the non-dominant side. No significant differences were found in other measured parameters. The incidence of glenohumeral internal rotation deficiency (GIRD) among all subjects was 37.5%. Conclusions: High-school male volleyball athletes in this study exhibited tightness in the posterior shoulder of their dominant side, indicating specific adaptations in shoulder ROM and a considerable prevalence of GIRD, observed in approximately one-quarter of the athletes. In conclusion, these data suggest that stretching and eccentric muscle training focusing on the posterior shoulder have potential value in mitigating these adaptations and reducing the risk of shoulder injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10010067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T11:31:17Z","timestamp":1739791877000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Adaptation Characteristics in the Range of Motion of the Shoulder Among Young Male Volleyball Players"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7083-1523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun-Yu","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106308, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Wen","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5873-4440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Chung","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8470-566X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiao-Yun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Athletic Training and Health, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140208522798","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic comparisons between American and Korean professional baseball pitchers","volume":"1","author":"Escamilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505274935","article-title":"Factors correlated with volleyball spike velocity","volume":"33","author":"Forthomme","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-43.6.571","article-title":"Isokinetic peak torque ratios and shoulder injury history in adolescent female volleyball athletes","volume":"43","author":"Stickley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2023.100862","article-title":"The Finger, wrist, and shoulder are the most commonly injured areas in youth volleyball players but the incidence of injuries decreased overall between 2012 and 2022","volume":"6","author":"Obana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthrosc. Sports Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1306114","article-title":"Incidence, aetiology and prevention of musculoskeletal injuries in volleyball: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Kilic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016160036","article-title":"Imaging the injured pediatric athlete: Upper extremity","volume":"36","author":"Delgado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2501071322","article-title":"MR imaging insights into skeletal maturation: What is normal?","volume":"250","author":"Laor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.02","article-title":"Age-related, sport-specific adaptions of the shoulder girdle in elite adolescent tennis players","volume":"49","author":"Cools","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Chen, P., Chou, W.Y., Yang, C.P., Sheu, H., Tang, H.C., Weng, C.J., and Chiu, J.C. (2024). Relationship between shoulder and elbow range of motion and ultrasonographic structural abnormalities in the elbow of Taiwanese high school baseball players. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-00839-z"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967117712236","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117712236","article-title":"High prevalence of nontraumatic shoulder pain in a regional sample of female high school volleyball athletes","volume":"5","author":"Frisch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50128","article-title":"The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology Part I: Pathoanatomy and biomechanics","volume":"19","author":"Burkhart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"537","article-title":"Glenohumeral motion deficits: Friend or foe?","volume":"8","author":"Manske","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838010-00003","article-title":"Mobility and stability adaptations in the shoulder of the overhead athlete: A theoretical and evidence-based perspective","volume":"38","author":"Borsa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300030901","article-title":"Humeral retroversion and its relationship to glenohumeral rotation in the shoulder of college baseball players","volume":"30","author":"Reagan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23178","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023178","article-title":"Physical function characteristics in Japanese high school volleyball players with low back pain: A case-controlled study","volume":"99","author":"Mizoguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"236","article-title":"Shoulder range of motion characteristics in collegiate baseball players","volume":"41","author":"Baltaci","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"23","article-title":"Clinical measures of shoulder mobility in the professional baseball player","volume":"40","author":"Downar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-191767","article-title":"GIRD syndrome in male handball and volleyball players: Is the decrease of total range of motion the turning point to pathology?","volume":"35","author":"Schmalzl","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2022.2102915","article-title":"Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in volleyball players with and without a history of shoulder pain","volume":"32","author":"Alqarni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puig-Div\u00ed, A., Escalona-Marfil, C., Padull\u00e9s-Riu, J.M., Busquets, A., Padull\u00e9s-Chando, X., and Marcos-Ruiz, D. (2019). Validity and reliability of the Kinovea program in obtaining angles and distances using coordinates in 4 perspectives. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216448"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Clarkson, H.M. (2021). Musculoskeletal Assessment: Joint Range of Motion, Muscle Testing, and Function, Wolters Kluwer. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2005.05.002","article-title":"Reliability and validity of shoulder tightness measurement in patients with stiff shoulders","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(03)80010-5","article-title":"Hip and shoulder internal rotation range of motion deficits in professional tennis players","volume":"6","author":"Vad","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.12.04","article-title":"Shoulder-rotator strength, range of motion, and acromiohumeral distance in asymptomatic adolescent volleyball attackers","volume":"51","author":"Harput","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2016.1222629","article-title":"The volleyball athlete\u2019s shoulder: Biomechanical adaptations and injury associations","volume":"16","author":"Challoumas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, C.-L., Hsueh, Y.-H., Wang, C.-H., and Chang, H.-Y. (2021). Comparison of the acute effects of Kinesio Taping and Sleeper Stretching on the shoulder rotation range of motion, manual muscle strength, and sub-acromial space in pitchers with Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57020102"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizoguchi, Y., Suzuki, K., Shimada, N., Naka, H., Kimura, F., and Akasaka, K. (2022). Prevalence of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and sex differences in range of motion of adolescent volleyball players: A case-control study. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10112263"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2015-0172","article-title":"Effectiveness of stretching on posterior shoulder tightness and Glenohumeral Internal-Rotation Deficit: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"26","author":"Mine","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093702","article-title":"Reduced glenohumeral rotation, external rotation weakness and scapular dyskinesis are risk factors for shoulder injuries among elite male handball players: A prospective cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Clarsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2012.10.009","article-title":"The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology-10-year update","volume":"29","author":"Kibler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2014.04.003","article-title":"The thrower\u2019s shoulder","volume":"45","author":"Kinsella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2016.08.011","article-title":"The effects of swimming fatigue on shoulder strength, range of motion, joint control, and performance in swimmers","volume":"23","author":"Matthews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0265.23","article-title":"Shoulder tensiomyography and isometric strength in swimmers before and after a fatiguing protocol","volume":"59","author":"Cargnel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/1\/67\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:35:09Z","timestamp":1760027709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/1\/67"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk10010067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk10010067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]}}}