{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T18:15:32Z","timestamp":1789841732010,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The characteristics of open- and closed-skill sports can have a significant impact on the development of both motor and cognitive functions during late childhood and early adolescence. This study examined the impact of artistic gymnastics and soccer practice on physical\/coordinative skills and executive functions in preadolescent female athletes. Methods: Gross-motor coordination (K\u00f6rperkoordinations Test f\u00fcr Kinder battery), explosive lower limb power (countermovement jump) and executive functions (Flanker\/Reverse Flanker; Digit Span) of ninety-eight soccer and gymnastics athletes (10.9 \u00b1 0.6 years of age) were tested at the beginning and the end of a sports season. A t-test and a mixed linear method were used to detect differences between sports and expertise levels (amateur vs. elite) at baseline and over time, respectively. Results: Gymnasts scored higher in physical tests compared to soccer athletes, who obtained better scores in the Digit Span test. Elite gymnasts showed higher physical skills compared to both amateur gymnasts and elite soccer players, with executive function levels comparable to those of amateur gymnasts. Similarly, elite soccer players showed higher reaction time in executive functions tests compared to both elite gymnasts and amateur soccer athletes, with similar physical skills as amateur soccer players. Amateur gymnastics and soccer athletes showed similar levels of physical and cognitive skills. All groups improved their physical and executive function skills over time, with relevant effects of expertise level on physical tasks. Conclusions: Results revealed the impact of sport type and athletes\u2019 level of expertise in influencing both their motor and cognitive development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10010085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T10:15:03Z","timestamp":1740996903000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gross-Motor Coordination and Executive Functions Development in Soccer and Artistic Gymnastics Preadolescent Female Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fioretta","family":"Silvestri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities, Movement and Education Sciences, University \u201cNiccol\u00f2 Cusano\u201d, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7222-7701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Campanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Marcelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities, Movement and Education Sciences, University \u201cNiccol\u00f2 Cusano\u201d, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3675-0917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dafne","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Health and Health Professions, Link Campus University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5532-6380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Gallotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology \u201cVittorio Erspamer\u201d, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5270-5590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faten","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef 7100, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6021-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maicon Rodrigues","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences of Physical Activity and Sports Research Group, Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31120-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0972-9178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Bertollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2363-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Curzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities, Movement and Education Sciences, University \u201cNiccol\u00f2 Cusano\u201d, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Cognitive Functions in Pre-Adolescent Children Involved in Gymnastic and Soccer","volume":"20","author":"Jurek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. 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