{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:47:26Z","timestamp":1791452846437,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic health conditions frequently result in gait disturbances, impacting quality of life and mobility. Smartphone-based gait analysis has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional methods, offering accessibility, cost effectiveness, and portability. This systematic review evaluates smartphone-based inertial measurement units\u2019 validity, reliability, and sensitivity for assessing gait parameters in individuals with chronic conditions. Methods: A comprehensive literature search in Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SportDiscus identified 54 eligible studies. Results: Validity was evaluated in 70% of the included studies, with results showing moderate-to-strong associations between smartphone apps and gold-standard systems (e.g., Vicon), particularly for parameters such as gait speed and stride length (e.g., r = 0.42\u20130.97). However, variability was evident across studies depending on the health condition, measurement protocols, and device placement. Reliability, examined in only 27% of the included studies, displayed a similar trend, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranging from moderate (ICC = 0.53) to excellent (ICC = 0.95) for spatiotemporal parameters. Sensitivity and specificity metrics were explored in 41% and 35% of the included studies, respectively, with several applications achieving over 90% accuracy in detecting gait abnormalities. Feasibility was rated positively in 94% of the included studies, emphasising the practical advantages of smartphones in diverse settings. Conclusions: The findings of this systematic review endorse the clinical potential of smartphones for remote and real-world gait analysis, while highlighting the need for standardised methodologies. Future research should adopt a more comprehensive approach to psychometric evaluation, ensuring that reliability aspects are adequately explored. Additionally, long-term studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of smartphone-based technologies in supporting the personalised treatment and proactive management of chronic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10020133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T04:05:31Z","timestamp":1744776331000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Psychometric Characteristics of Smartphone-Based Gait Analyses in Chronic Health Conditions: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tobias","family":"Bea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Physical Activity, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7812-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmi","family":"Chaabene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Physical Activity, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de Sport et de l\u2019\u00c9ducation Physique du Kef, Universit\u00e9 de Jendouba, Le Kef 7100, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0018-0125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantin Wilhelm","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Physical Activity, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-0796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutz","family":"Schega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Physical Activity, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afj055","article-title":"Does back pain prevalence really decrease with increasing age? 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