{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:14:40Z","timestamp":1784114080004,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study examined physiological, biochemical, and performance adaptations in 18 semi-professional male soccer players across three seasonal phases: pre-season initiation (PS), pre-competition (PC), and mid-season (MS). Methods: Assessments included physical\/performance\/hormonal\/biochemical markers. Results: From PS to PC, body fat (Cohen\u2019s d = \u22120.88; p \u2264 0.01) and speed drop rate (Cohen\u2019s d = \u22121.52; p \u2264 0.01) significantly decreased, while V\u0307O2max (Cohen\u2019s d = 0.80; p \u2264 0.01), velocity at V\u0307O2max (Cohen\u2019s d = 1.86; p \u2264 0.01), and velocity at the second ventilatory threshold (Cohen\u2019s d = 1.54; p \u2264 0.01) significantly increased. Significant fluctuations were observed in creatine kinase (Cohen\u2019s d = 4.34; p \u2264 0.01), myoglobin (Cohen\u2019s d = 0.66; p \u2264 0.01), and cortisol (Cohen\u2019s d = \u22121.14; p \u2264 0.01) levels. From PS to MS, further reductions in body fat (Cohen\u2019s d = \u22120.81; p \u2264 0.01) and speed drop rate (Cohen\u2019s d = \u22121.12; p \u2264 0.01) were observed, along with significant improvements in countermovement jump performance (Cohen\u2019s d = 1.08; p \u2264 0.01) and cardiorespiratory fitness (Cohen\u2019s d \u2265 0.83; p \u2264 0.01). Creatine kinase (Cohen\u2019s d = 3.82; p \u2264 0.01), myoglobin (Cohen\u2019s d = 1.50; p \u2264 0.01), interleukin-6 (Cohen\u2019s d = 1.24; p \u2264 0.01), and testosterone (Cohen\u2019s d = 0.92; p \u2264 0.01) significantly increased. Stability in lower limb strength, flexibility, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, ferritin, liver enzymes, and most hematological parameters suggest resilience to seasonal demands. Conclusions: Seasonal training enhanced fitness and hormonal balance while maintaining physiological stability. These findings underscore the importance of periodized training to manage muscle damage and sustain an anabolic hormonal profile for peak performance. Consistent diet and training support metabolic health, while tailored recovery strategies and season-specific interventions are essential for optimizing performance and minimizing injury risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10020147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T05:21:31Z","timestamp":1745817691000},"page":"147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seasonal Changes in Performance Metrics, Hormonal, Hematological, and Biochemical Markers Among Semi-Professional Soccer Players: Implications for Training and Recovery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Mylonis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokratous 22, Agios Ioannis, 62122 Serres, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8514-0605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios I.","family":"Bourdas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Kompodieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ethnikis Antistasis 41, 17237 Dafni, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Tegousis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ethnikis Antistasis 41, 17237 Dafni, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9349-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panteleimon","family":"Bakirtzoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Souglis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ethnikis Antistasis 41, 17237 Dafni, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Bekris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ethnikis Antistasis 41, 17237 Dafni, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838050-00001","article-title":"Muscle fatigue during football match-play","volume":"38","author":"Reilly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.3.218","article-title":"Soccer specific aerobic endurance training","volume":"36","author":"Hoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-017-0109-9","article-title":"Physical characteristics of players within the Australian Football League participation pathways: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Haycraft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med.\u2014Open"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"97","article-title":"Effects of a 12 week SAQ training programme on agility with and without the ball among young soccer players","volume":"12","author":"James","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Sermaxhaj, S., and Telai, B. (2014, January 30\u201331.). Influence of some anthropometric variables and the specific motoric on the success of the football players of first junior league of Kosovo. Proceedings of the First International Scientific Conference\u2014Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ohrid, Kosovo."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181bc1aac","article-title":"In-season effect of short-term sprint and power training programs on elite junior soccer players","volume":"23","author":"Mujika","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e2728f","article-title":"Effects of in-season short-term plyometric training program on leg power, jump-and sprint performance of soccer players","volume":"24","author":"Chelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"82","article-title":"Time to exhaustion at VO2max velocity in basketball and soccer athletes","volume":"16","author":"Crisp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Physiol. Online"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022015000200013","article-title":"Biochemical Profile of Serbian Youth National Soccer Teams","volume":"33","author":"Joksimovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.09.004","article-title":"Monitoring training load and fatigue in soccer players with physiological markers","volume":"181","author":"Djaoui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"40","article-title":"Variation in fitness attributes of players during a competitive season in an Asian professional soccer league: A field-based investigation","volume":"3","author":"Aziz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asian J. Exerc. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0135","article-title":"Psychometric and physiological responses to a preseason competitive camp in the heat with a 6-hour time difference in elite soccer players","volume":"11","author":"Buchheit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2018.1431540","article-title":"Influence of well-being variables and recovery state in physical enjoyment of professional soccer players during small-sided games","volume":"26","author":"Selmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, A.M., Ford, P.R., and Drust, B. (2023). Science and Soccer: Developing Elite Performers, Routledge. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003148418"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souglis, A., Bourdas, D.I., Gioldasis, A., Ispirlidis, I., Philippou, A., Zacharakis, E., Apostoldis, A., Efthymiou, G., and Travlos, A.K. (2023). Time Course of Performance Indexes, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Muscle Damage Markers after a Female Futsal Match. Sports, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11070127"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"653","article-title":"The relationship between physical and technical performance characteristics of young soccer and basketball players: A comparison between two sports","volume":"180","author":"Zacharakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gazz. Medica Ital. Arch. Sci. Mediche"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002436","article-title":"Time course of oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle damage markers for 5 days after a soccer match: Effects of sex and playing position","volume":"32","author":"Souglis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekris, E., Bourdas, D.I., Mylonis, E., Ispirlidis, I., Zacharakis, E.D., and Katis, A. (2022). Effect of 3 vs. 3 Soccer Small-Sided Game on Various Performance, Inflammatory, Muscle Damage and Hormonal Indicators in Semi-Professional Players. Sports, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports10070102"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Douda, H., and Smilios, I. (2019, January 10\u201312). The physiological parameters fluctuation of third national league players. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the the 27th International Congress of Physical Education & Sport, Komotini, Greece. (In Greek)."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1628","article-title":"Variation of aerobic performance indices of professional elite soccer players during the annual macrocycle","volume":"59","author":"Bekris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"520","article-title":"Seasonal variation of aerobic performance in soccer players according to positional role","volume":"46","author":"Metaxas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.012260","article-title":"Lactate threshold responses to a season of professional British youth soccer","volume":"39","author":"McMillan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwesig, R., Schulze, S., Reinhardt, L., Laudner, K.G., Delank, K.S., and Hermassi, S. (2019). Differences in player position running velocity at lactate thresholds among male professional German soccer players. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00886"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1044459","article-title":"Changes in the anaerobic threshold in an annual cycle of sport training of young soccer players","volume":"30","author":"Andrzejewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1022573","article-title":"Seasonal DXA-measured body composition changes in professional male soccer players","volume":"33","author":"Milanese","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-019-00617-2","article-title":"Seasonal changes in body composition and cardiometabolic health biomarkers in professional soccer players: A longitudinal study","volume":"16","author":"Matos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2174\/1875399X01508010018","article-title":"Changes in Body Composition, During the Season, in Highly Trained Soccer Players","volume":"8","author":"Bunc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Sports Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001751","article-title":"Seasonal Changes in Soccer Players\u2019 Body Composition and Dietary Intake Practices","volume":"31","author":"Devlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saidi, K., Zouhal, H., Rhibi, F., Tijani, J.M., Boullosa, D., Chebbi, A., Hackney, A.C., Granacher, U., Bideau, B., and Abderrahman, A. (2019). Ben Effects of a six-week period of congested match play on plasma volume variations, hematological parameters, training workload and physical fitness in elite soccer players. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219692"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"463","article-title":"Seasonal variation in fitness variables in professional soccer players","volume":"41","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2013-0005","article-title":"Bilateral and unilateral asymmetries of isokinetic strength and flexibility in male young professional soccer players","volume":"36","author":"Daneshjoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2478\/v10078-012-0017-5","article-title":"Isokinetic strength responses to season-long training and competition in Turkish elite soccer players","volume":"31","author":"Eniseler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2013-0180","article-title":"Biochemical impact of soccer: An analysis of hormonal, muscle damage, and redox markers during the season","volume":"39","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dragijsky, M., Maly, T., Zahalka, F., Kunzmann, E., and Hank, M. (2017). Seasonal variation of agility, speed and endurance performance in young elite soccer players. Sports, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports5010012"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meckel, Y., Doron, O., Eliakim, E., and Eliakim, A. (2018). Seasonal variations in physical fitness and performance indices of elite soccer players. Sports, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6010014"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2023.645","article-title":"The Effect of a Balance Training Program on the Balance and Technical Skills of Adolescent Soccer Players","volume":"22","author":"Mitrousis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobari, H., Alves, A.R., Haghighi, H., Clemente, F.M., Carlos-Vivas, J., P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez, J., and Ardig\u00f2, L.P. (2021). Association between training load and well-being measures in young soccer players during a season. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094451"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002578","article-title":"Evaluation of Seasonal Changes in Fitness, Anthropometrics, and Body Composition in Collegiate Division II Female Soccer Players","volume":"32","author":"Peart","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purdom, T.M., Levers, K.S., McPherson, C.S., Giles, J., and Brown, L. (2020). A Longitudinal Prospective Study: The Effect of Annual Seasonal Transition and Coaching Influence on Aerobic Capacity and Body Composition in Division I Female Soccer Players. Sports, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8080107"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181da85a9","article-title":"Seasonal aerobic performance variations in elite soccer players","volume":"25","author":"Kalapotharakos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente, F.M., Nikolaidis, P.T., Rosemann, T., and Knechtle, B. (2019). Dose-response relationship between external load variables, body composition, and fitness variables in professional soccer players. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00443"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181d09f21","article-title":"Elite female soccer players perform more high-intensity running when playing in international games compared with domestic league games","volume":"24","author":"Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2008.04.008","article-title":"Biochemical impact of a soccer match\u2014Analysis of oxidative stress and muscle damage markers throughout recovery","volume":"41","author":"Rebelo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181818e0b","article-title":"Time-course of changes in inflammatory and performance responses following a soccer game","volume":"18","author":"Ispirlidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000753","article-title":"Post-effort chances in C-reactive protein level among soccer players at the end of the training season","volume":"29","author":"Nowak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.5007\/1980-0037.2015v17n4p400","article-title":"Analysis of chronic physiological demand of an annual soccer season","volume":"17","author":"Coelho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cineantropometria E Desempenho Hum."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2478\/jomb-2014-0057","article-title":"Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Elite Soccer Players During a Competitive Half Season","volume":"34","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1515\/ssr-2015-0011","article-title":"From Preparation to Competitive Period in Soccer: Hematological Changes","volume":"24","author":"Bekris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2019.1632580","article-title":"A new paradigm to understand success in professional football: Analysis of match statistics in LaLiga for 8 complete seasons","volume":"19","author":"Resta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31829bd7c5","article-title":"Performance and muscle architecture comparisons between starters and nonstarters in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women\u2019s soccer","volume":"27","author":"Jajtner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourdas, D.I., and Zacharakis, E.D. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Physical Activity in a Sample of Greek Adults. Sports, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8100139"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2020.106301","article-title":"Evolution of changes in physical activity over lockdown time: Physical activity datasets of four independent adult sample groups corresponding to each of the last four of the six COVID-19 lockdown weeks in Greece","volume":"32","author":"Bourdas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Br."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"31","article-title":"The 2018 Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+) and electronic Physical Activity Readiness Medical Examination (ePARmed-X+): 2018 PAR-Q+","volume":"11","author":"Warburton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Fit. J. Can."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2021.107480","article-title":"Impact of lockdown on smoking and sleeping in the early COVID-19 presence: Datasets of Greek Adults sample","volume":"39","author":"Bourdas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Data Br."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and Healthier.gov (2008). Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, Ethical Principles for Scientific Requirements and Research Protocols. Bull. World Health Organ., 79, 373."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","article-title":"Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework","volume":"17","author":"McKay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000542","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000542","article-title":"Novel insights of overtraining syndrome discovered from the EROS study","volume":"5","author":"Cadegiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourdas, D.I., Souglis, A., Zacharakis, E.D., Geladas, N.D., and Travlos, A.K. (2021). Meta-Analysis of Carbohydrate Solution Intake during Prolonged Exercise in Adults: From the Last 45+ Years\u2019 Perspective. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124223"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2020.106063","article-title":"Data on advanced glycation end-products concentrations and haemodynamic parameters following caffeine and nicotine consumption in nursing students","volume":"32","author":"Deltsidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Br."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"347","article-title":"Creatine supplementation: Effects on urinary excretion and anaerobic performance","volume":"43","author":"Havenetidis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourdas, D.I., Travlos, A.K., Souglis, A., Stavropoulou, G., Zacharakis, E., Gofas, D.C., and Bakirtzoglou, P. (2024). Effects of a Singular Dose of Mangiferin\u2014Quercetin Supplementation on Basketball Performance: A Double-Blind Crossover Study of High-Level Male Players. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010170"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19740060","article-title":"Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: Measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years","volume":"32","author":"Durnin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sebasti\u00e1-Rico, J., Soriano, J.M., Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00e1lvez, N., and Mart\u00ednez-Sanz, J.M. (2023). Body Composition of Male Professional Soccer Players Using Different Measurement Methods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051160"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000294","article-title":"Hamstring-and-lower-back flexibility in male amateur soccer players","volume":"27","author":"Priesterbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01445.x","article-title":"Age-predicted maximal heart rate in healthy subjects: The HUNT Fitness Study","volume":"23","author":"Nes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00422166","article-title":"A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping","volume":"50","author":"Bosco","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00430076","article-title":"Segmental contribution to forces in vertical jump","volume":"38","author":"Luhtanen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"S116","article-title":"An Evaluation of Tests of Anaerobic Power and Capacity","volume":"36","author":"Zacharogiannis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b3df32","article-title":"Validity of the running anaerobic sprint test for assessing anaerobic power and predicting short-distance performances","volume":"23","author":"Zagatto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Riebe, D. (2018). ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, Wolters Kluwer Health. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerezuela-Espejo, V., Courel-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, J., Mor\u00e1n-Navarro, R., Mart\u00ednez-Cava, A., and Pallar\u00e9s, J.G. (2018). The relationship between lactate and ventilatory thresholds in runners: Validity and reliability of exercise test performance parameters. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01320"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front. Psychol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyers, L.S., Gamst, G., and Guarino, A.J. (2016). Applied Multivariate Research Design and Interpretation, SAGE Publications Inc.. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071802687"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0419-3","article-title":"The Transition Period in Soccer: A Window of Opportunity","volume":"46","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2020.97068","article-title":"The effects of congested fixture periods on distance-based workload indices: A full-season study in professional soccer players","volume":"38","author":"Clemente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.583671","article-title":"Quantification of the physiological loading of one week of \u201cpre-season\u201d and one week of \u201cin-season\u201d training in professional soccer players","volume":"29","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"424","article-title":"Seasonal changes in physical performance and heart rate variability in high level futsal players","volume":"34","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Physical and anthropometric changes during pre-and in-season in professional soccer players","volume":"56","author":"Fessi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182772da6","article-title":"Different loading schemes in power training during the preseason promote similar performance improvements in Brazilian elite soccer players","volume":"27","author":"Loturco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.1.13","article-title":"Risk factors for lower extremity injury: A review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Murphy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508316764","article-title":"Strength imbalances and prevention of hamstring injury in professional soccer players: A prospective study","volume":"36","author":"Croisier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"282","article-title":"Is muscle power related to running speed with changes of direction?","volume":"42","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318239f84f","article-title":"Physical fitness of elite Belgian soccer players by player position","volume":"26","author":"Boone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perroni, F., Fittipaldi, S., Falcioni, L., Ghizzoni, L., Borrione, P., Vetrano, M., Del Vescovo, R., Migliaccio, S., Guidetti, L., and Baldari, C. (2019). Effect of pre-season training phase on anthropometric, hormonal and fitness parameters in young soccer players. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225471"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente, F.M., Clark, C., Castillo, D., Sarmento, H., Nikolaidis, P.T., Rosemann, T., and Knechtle, B. (2019). Variations of training load, monotony, and strain and dose-response relationships with maximal aerobic speed, maximal oxygen uptake, and isokinetic strength in professional soccer players. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225522"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/09720073.2016.11892146","article-title":"Physical and physiological characteristics of an Elite soccer team\u2019s players according to playing positions","volume":"26","author":"Bizati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anthropologist"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2478\/bhk-2021-0009","article-title":"Physical fitness changes among amateur soccer players: Effects of the pre-season period","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"e20211536","article-title":"Kidney functions adaptations of professional soccer players in response to an entire game season","volume":"94","author":"Peres","year":"2022","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.34875","article-title":"Effect of Training on Physiological and Biochemical Variables of Soccer Players of Different Age Groups","volume":"1","author":"Manna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effect reciprocal training in transaminase enzymes and the anaerobic lactic functional ability in performance 1500-m runners","volume":"2","author":"Fathi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swed. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.15561\/26649837.2020.0605","article-title":"The effect of pre-season football training on hematological parameters of well-trained young male football players","volume":"24","author":"Atar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pedagog. Phys. Cult. Sports"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipovic, A., Bizjak, D., Tomschi, F., Bloch, W., and Grau, M. (2019). Influence of whole-body electrostimulation on the deformability of density-separated red blood cells in soccer players. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00548"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"128","article-title":"Analysis of the Evolution of Some Hematological Parameters During the First Preparatory Period on Young Algerian Soccer Players (U17)","volume":"3","author":"Saddam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Educ. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.02.016","article-title":"The proinflammatory effects of chronic excessive exercise","volume":"119","author":"Pinto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"70","article-title":"Aerobik ve anaerobik egzersizlerin hematolojik parametrelere akut etkisi * Acute effect of hematological parameters on aerobic and anaerobic exercise","volume":"7","author":"Hazar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130nsan Bilim. Derg. [Ba\u011flant\u0131da]"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saidi, K., Ben Abderrahman, A., Laher, I., Hackney, A.C., El Hage, R., Saeidi, A., Bideau, B., Granacher, U., and Zouhal, H. (2024). Immune inflammation markers and physical fitness during a congested match play period in elite male soccer players. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81225-0"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"462","article-title":"Nutrition and growth in children","volume":"72","author":"Matonti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selmi, O., Levitt, D.E., Ouergui, I., Aydi, B., Bouassida, A., Weiss, K., and Knechtle, B. (2022). Effect of Intensified Training Camp on Psychometric Status, Mood State, and Hematological Markers in Youth Soccer Players. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121996"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2346","article-title":"Dramatic elevations of interleukin-6 and acute-phase reactants in athletes participating in the ultradistance foot race Spartathlon: Severe systemic inflammation and lipid and lipoprotein changes in protracted exercise","volume":"90","author":"Margeli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3245-2","article-title":"Muscle damage, inflammatory, immune and performance responses to three football games in 1 week in competitive male players","volume":"116","author":"Mohr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5232\/ricyde2017.04902","article-title":"Monitorizaci\u00f3n de biomarcadores sangu\u00edneos en jugadores profesionales de f\u00fatbol durante la fase preparatoria y competitiva. [Monitoring biochemical markers in professional soccer players during the season and preseason preparation phase]","volume":"13","author":"Vilamitjana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Int. Cienc. Deporte"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003264","article-title":"Biomarker Response to a Competitive Season in Division I Female Soccer Players","volume":"33","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01378.x","article-title":"Physiological and performance adaptations to an in-season soccer camp in the heat: Associations with heart rate and heart rate variability","volume":"21","author":"Buchheit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"2836","article-title":"The level of damage caused by football matches on players","volume":"10","author":"Celenk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2016.04.004","article-title":"Testosterone, cortisol, and human competition","volume":"82","author":"Casto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20685","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28673","article-title":"The effects of training on hormonal concentrations in young soccer players","volume":"234","author":"Muscella","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-024-02202-2","article-title":"Metabolomics analyses and physical interventions in soccer: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Pedroso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01522-w","article-title":"Hematology, Hormones, Inflammation, and Muscle Damage in Elite and Professional Soccer Players: A Systematic Review with Implications for Exercise","volume":"51","author":"Saidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/2\/147\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:22:28Z","timestamp":1760030548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/2\/147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk10020147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk10020147","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]}}}