{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:17:22Z","timestamp":1760059042781,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Ferrara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to investigate associations between walking speed (WS) and mortality among cardiac patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Of the 3328 patients included in the ITER registry between 1998 and 2023, 490 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (mean age 67 \u00b1 9 years) were categorized into tertiles based on WS measured at baseline. Walking speed was measured using the 1 km treadmill walking test (1km-TWT). Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine associations between WS and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, adjusting for demographic and clinical confounders. Results: The results showed a significative inverse association between WS and mortality. A total of 205 patients died over a median follow-up of 11 years. Patients with a higher baseline WS reported a lower mortality risk compared to slow walkers. A similar magnitude was confirmed by the sensitivity analysis excluding people who died in the first three years. Conclusions: The 1km-TWT is an effective predictor of mortality among cardiac patients with type 2 diabetes and a valuable educational tool for exercise-based interventions in secondary prevention. These findings highlight the efficacy of exercise-based programs to improve physical function and reduce mortality risk, underscoring the importance of promoting exercise as part of long-term cardiovascular disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10020181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T05:37:13Z","timestamp":1747633033000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Walking Speed and Mortality in Cardiac Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Involved in a Secondary Prevention Program"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1002-8886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Zerbini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8645-0445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Piva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0096-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Raisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0850-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Menegatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Public Health Department, AUSL Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Grazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Public Health Department, AUSL Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL-PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8569-6702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Mandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, February 05). 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