{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:25:46Z","timestamp":1787243146606,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Warm-up strategies are essential for optimizing strength-training performance. Traditional warm-ups improve neuromuscular readiness, whereas post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been proposed to acutely enhance muscular output. This randomized crossover study compared the acute effects of traditional and PAP-based warm-ups on local muscular endurance (LME) during free weight back squats in resistance-trained men. Methods: Twelve trained males (age: 41.3 \u00b1 5.7 years; one repetition maximum squat: 129.3 \u00b1 14.3 kg) completed three randomized squat sessions: mobility with LME (M + LME), traditional warm-up with LME (T + LME), and PAP with LME (PAP + LME). The sessions were spaced 48 h apart. Outcomes included the number of repetitions, blood lactate concentration, time under tension (TUT), perceived exertion through OMNI Resistance Exercise Scale (OMNI-RES), and pain perception through visual analogue scale (VAS). One-way ANOVA and partial eta-squared (\u03b72p) were used for statistical analyses. Results: PAP + LME significantly increased the number of repetitions (15.63 \u00b1 3.66) compared to both M + LME (12.38 \u00b1 3.89) and T + LME (13.63 \u00b1 3.82; p &lt; 0.0001). Blood lactate levels were significantly higher in PAP + LME (8.98 \u00b1 3.87 mmol\/L) compared to M + LME (5.08 \u00b1 0.97 mmol\/L; p = 0.01). TUT was significantly shorter in both the PAP + LME and T + LME groups than in the M + LME group (p &lt; 0.05). VAS scores were higher after PAP + LME (8.50 \u00b1 0.45) than after M + LME (6.50 \u00b1 1.20; p = 0.02), while OMNI-RES scores did not differ significantly between the protocols. Conclusions: Both traditional and PAP-based warm-ups improved squat LME compared with mobility alone. PAP elicited greater repetition performance and metabolic stress but also increased discomfort. Warm-up selection should align with training goals, balancing performance benefits and perceived fatigue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10020188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T20:16:22Z","timestamp":1748204182000},"page":"188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impacts of Traditional Warm-Up and Post-Activation Potentiation on Muscle Endurance During the Back Squat: Response of Blood Lactate, Perceived Effort, and Time Under Tension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Taianda","family":"Amorim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Atividade F\u00edsica, Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO), Niter\u00f3i 24030-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Gurgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Atividade F\u00edsica, Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO), Niter\u00f3i 24030-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane","family":"Faleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Atividade F\u00edsica, Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO), Niter\u00f3i 24030-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fisiologia do Exerc\u00edcio (LAFIEX), Universidade Est\u00e1cio de S\u00e1, Rio de Janeiro 20771-004, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Atividade F\u00edsica, Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO), Niter\u00f3i 24030-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1866-553X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Est\u00eav\u00e3o","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Science (PPGCR\/UNISUAM), Centro Universit\u00e1rio Augusto Motta, Rio de Janeiro 21041-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fisiologia do Exerc\u00edcio (LAFIEX), Universidade Est\u00e1cio de S\u00e1, Rio de Janeiro 20771-004, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Jotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fisiologia do Exerc\u00edcio (LAFIEX), Universidade Est\u00e1cio de S\u00e1, Rio de Janeiro 20771-004, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fisiologia do Exerc\u00edcio (LAFIEX), Universidade Est\u00e1cio de S\u00e1, Rio de Janeiro 20771-004, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7367-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Castiglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas Cl\u00ednicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular (BioVasc), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Marques-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Atividade F\u00edsica, Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO), Niter\u00f3i 24030-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fisiologia do Exerc\u00edcio (LAFIEX), Universidade Est\u00e1cio de S\u00e1, Rio de Janeiro 20771-004, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas Cl\u00ednicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular (BioVasc), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e840f3","article-title":"The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training","volume":"24","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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