{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T22:10:52Z","timestamp":1774563052818,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate changes in forearm muscle activity associated with short-term go-kart driving (680 m) and its potential effect on muscle activation patterns. Methods: Eleven male karting league drivers (mean age: 23.18 \u00b1 1.40 years; body mass: 83.27 \u00b1 10.98 kg; height: 182.73 \u00b1 5.66 cm) volunteered to participate. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from four muscles: extensor carpi radialis (ECR), extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU), flexor carpi radialis (FCR), and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU). Baseline EMG was measured before the intervention, followed by two consecutive kart-driving sessions on a 680 m closed track. Post-exercise EMG data were then collected. A repeated-measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the effects of time (pre vs. post) while controlling for cumulative race time as a covariate. Results: A significant time effect with cumulative time as a covariate was observed, particularly in the ECR and ECU muscles on both the left and right sides. Notable findings include increases in maximum and mean activity of the left and right ECR (e.g., ECR right max: F = 51.57; p &lt; 0.001; \u03b72 = 0.851) and ECU (e.g., ECU right max: F = 36.170; p &lt; 0.001; \u03b72 = 0.801). Additionally, a significant increase was found in the maximum activation of the left FCR (F = 11.019; p = 0.009; \u03b72 = 0.550, which remained significant after controlling for total driving time. This heightened activation likely reflects an acute neuromuscular fatigue response to the demands of kart steering, rather than a long-term adaptation. Conclusions: The findings suggest that even short bouts of kart driving can induce measurable changes in neuromuscular activation of the forearm muscles, particularly in those involved in grip control and steering stability. This highlights the physical demands of karting and its potential impact on the upper limb muscle conditioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10020190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T02:50:05Z","timestamp":1748227805000},"page":"190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of the Effect of Training Driving on Electromyographic Parameters in Trained Karting Drivers: A Study of Fatigue and Its Relationship with Training Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5938-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Zar\u0119bski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Circle of Orthopaedic Manual Therapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 7 D\u0119binki Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"S\u0142omi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Circle of Orthopaedic Manual Therapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 7 D\u0119binki Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Smoter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Physiotherapy, Gda\u0144sk University of Physical Education and Sport, 1 Kazimierza G\u00f3rskiego Street, 80-336 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7074-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Studnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Circle of Orthopaedic Manual Therapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 7 D\u0119binki Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 7 D\u0119binki Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001004020107","article-title":"Trauma Mechanisms and Injuries Associated with Go-Karting","volume":"4","author":"Eker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Orthop. 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Issues Sport Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/2\/190\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:40:15Z","timestamp":1760031615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/2\/190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk10020190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk10020190","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]}}}