{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T08:33:44Z","timestamp":1770712424456,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to compare the effectiveness of tennis forehand shots played by competitive athletes in open and square stances in terms of performance: (1) ball speed, (2) accuracy, and (3) gesture economy. This is with the aim of preventing the excessive wear and tear of the athlete\u2019s musculoskeletal structures. Methods: Between October 2024 and January 2025, forty-two healthy players were involved in the study. Eighty forehands were played by each subject with open and square stances in lateral and diagonal-inside running structured situations. The ball\u2019s speed, shot accuracy, and the athlete\u2019s heart rate were acquired. Kruskal\u2013Wallis\u2019s and Dunn post hoc tests were used to compare the effect of stance, tactical situation, gender, and player\u2019s flexibility on these performance variables. The Wilcoxon signed-rank t-test was applied to compare each of the two types of stances. Results: Square stance consistently resulted in significantly higher ball speeds in both lateral running (\u0394Median: 6 km\/h) and diagonal-inside running (\u0394Median: 4 km\/h), while the differences in accuracy and metabolic demand were not significant overall. Conclusions: This study found that the square stance technique provides a clear advantage in terms of ball speed. Although the higher accuracy found was not significant, the small difference in metabolic effort was. Overall, the benefits reported seem to make the square stance the preferable choice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10020215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T09:43:18Z","timestamp":1749116598000},"page":"215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Three Reasons for Playing the Tennis Forehand in Square Stance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4049-5225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio","family":"Caprioli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1342-5881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Campoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Rome University, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0904-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Romagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Rome University, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2102-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida","family":"Cariati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, \u201cTor Vergata\u201d University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0224-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeid","family":"Edriss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5227-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"Padua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Rome University, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2328-4793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Bonaiuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-6046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Annino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, Department of Medicine Systems, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Roetert, E.P., and Kovacs, M. 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