{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:25:49Z","timestamp":1760059549399,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES)","award":["88887.479060\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.479060\/2020-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The femur and tibia can suffer changes in rotation, mainly in the orthostatic position, causing errors in measurements when two-dimensional instruments are utilized. Objectives: To test the effects of thigh and leg rotation on sagittal knee angle measurement. Methods: A physical model simulating the right lower limb was constructed using two wooden rafters and a plastic protractor between the rafters. The thigh rotation and leg rotation were measured, ranging from 50\u00b0 of internal rotation to 50\u00b0 of external rotation. The sagittal knee angle was measured using the three-dimensional kinematics via three protocols (femoral condyle angle, head of fibula angle, and four points angle) with points marked on the model corresponding to the greater trochanter of the femur, lateral condyle of the femur, head of the fibula, and lateral malleolus. Results: During the internal rotation of the thigh and leg, the sagittal knee angle increased (varying from 3.1\u00b0 to 6.3\u00b0 for thing, and 0.9\u00b0 to 3.6\u00b0 for leg), whereas it decreased during the external rotation of the thigh and leg (varying from \u22125.2\u00b0 to \u22127.8\u00b0 for thing, and 0.1\u00b0 to \u22125.5\u00b0 for leg). Conclusions: Thigh rotation and leg rotation affect sagittal knee measurement and can lead to erroneous assessments if not considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10030235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T11:23:24Z","timestamp":1750418604000},"page":"235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Thigh and Leg Rotation on Sagittal Knee Angle During Static Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4590-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna Nichele","family":"da Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Fisioterapia e Dan\u00e7a, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar Santiago","family":"Wagner Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Fisioterapia e Dan\u00e7a, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1482-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matias","family":"Noll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Ceres, Ceres 76300-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5948-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jefferson Fagundes","family":"Loss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Fisioterapia e Dan\u00e7a, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8676-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Tarrag\u00f4","family":"Candotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Fisioterapia e Dan\u00e7a, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2013.05.008","article-title":"Photographic Analysis of Human Posture: A Literature Review","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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