{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:18:32Z","timestamp":1789676312519,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to compare the effects of an eight-week horizontal versus vertical vector resistance training program on swim start performance and lower-limb neuromuscular function in competitive swimmers. Methods: A total of 16 collegiate swimmers (14 males and 2 females; height: 176.3 \u00b1 10 cm; body mass: 68.8 \u00b1 10.3 kg; age: 20.5 \u00b1 2.3 year) were assigned to either a horizontal vector training (HOR) or a vertical vector training (VER) group and completed an eight-week training program. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included flight time, flight distance, underwater speed, 15 m swim speed, 25 m swim speed, and force\u2013time metrics within both concentric and eccentric phases of the countermovement jump and squat jumps. Results: No group or interaction effects were observed. However, time effects were found for flight distance (\u2191 4.1\u20135.5%), flight time (\u2191 6.2\u201312%), 15 m swim speed (\u2191 0.3\u20130.7%), and jump performance. The HOR showed more favorable within-group trends in regards to swim start performance and concentric performance of countermovement and squat jumps. Moderate correlations (r = 0.450\u20130.476) were found between changes in concentric jump variables and 15 m swim speed. Conclusions: These results suggest that both vertical and horizontal vector resistance training can improve lower-limb neuromuscular performance and swim start performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10030236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T04:50:05Z","timestamp":1750654205000},"page":"236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Horizontal and Vertical Vector Resistance Training on Swim Start Performance: An Eight-Week Intervention in Division One Collegiate Swimmers in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jyun-Ru","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Exercise and Health Science, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Aquatic Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Lin","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Martial Arts, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Yao","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Sports Training, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Lin","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Wei","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Health Science, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Chieh","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lyttle, A., and Benjamvatra, N. 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