{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:21:51Z","timestamp":1788956511411,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Well-designed endurance training leads to improved cardiovascular fitness and sports performance in prolonged exercise tasks, with the adaptations depending on multiple factors, including the training modality and the population in question. It is still disputable how the type of training affects myocardial remodeling, and the information on myocardial remodeling by high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is particularly scarce. Methods: The current study investigated changes in cardiac structure after volume-progressive HIIT in running mode. As part of their conditioning program, amateur athletes (mean \u00b1 SD age of 18.2 \u00b1 1.0 years) exclusively conducted HIIT in a volume-progressive fashion over 7 weeks (a total of 21 sessions). Peak oxygen uptake as well as 200 m and 2000 m running performance were measured, and transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography was conducted before and after the intervention. Results: Training improved running performance, increased the peak oxygen uptake and left atrium diameter (from 32.0 \u00b1 2.5 to 33.5 \u00b1 2.3 mm; p = 0.01), and induced ~11% thickening of the left-ventricular posterior wall (7.5 \u00b1 0.7 to 8.2 \u00b1 0.4 mm; p = 0.01) and interventricular septum (7.6 \u00b1 0.7 to 8.6 \u00b1 0.9 mm; p = 0.02), but not the dilation of left-ventricular, right-ventricular, or right atrium chambers. Conclusions: HIIT of just 127 km of running per 8.5 h during 7 weeks was sufficient to improve aerobic capacity and running performance, and induce left-ventricular wall hypertrophy and left atrium dilation, in young healthy athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10030271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T12:55:00Z","timestamp":1752670500000},"page":"271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Cardiovascular Fitness and Induces Left-Ventricular Hypertrophy During Off-Season"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1956-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Venckunas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birute","family":"Gumauskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0521-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornpimol","family":"Muanjai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6020-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan Aureli","family":"Cadefau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Nacional d\u2019Educaci\u00f3 F\u00edsica de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6476-1069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sigitas","family":"Kamandulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90439-1","article-title":"Morphology of the \u2018athlete\u2019s heart\u2019 assessed by echocardiography in 947 elite athletes representing 27 sports","volume":"74","author":"Spirito","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5443","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.217125","article-title":"A prospective randomised longitudinal MRI study of left ventricular adaptation to endurance and resistance exercise training in humans","volume":"589","author":"Spence","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003651","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.115.003651","article-title":"Exercise-Induced Left Ventricular Remodeling Among Competitive Athletes: A Phasic Phenomenon","volume":"8","author":"Weiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira Bittencourt, C.R., de Oliveira Izar, M.C., Schwerz, V.L., P\u00f3voa, R.M.D.S., Fonseca, H.A.R., Fonseca, M.I.H., Bianco, H.T., Fran\u00e7a, C.N., Ferreira, C.E.D.S., and Fonseca, F.A.H. (2016). Effects of High-Intensity Training of Professional Runners on Myocardial Hypertrophy and Subclinical Atherosclerosis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166009"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2019.09.014","article-title":"Cardiac Remodeling in Middle-Aged Endurance Athletes and Recreationally Active Individuals: Challenges in Defining the \u2018Athlete\u2019s Heart\u2019","volume":"33","author":"Banks","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2014-0094","article-title":"Left Ventricular Morphology in Different Periods of the Training Season in Elite Young Swimmers","volume":"27","author":"Szauder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002022","article-title":"Myocardial Adaptations to Competitive Swim Training","volume":"51","author":"Wasfy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003006","article-title":"Soldiers\u2019 Heart: A Prospective Study of Cardiac Remodeling in Soldiers Undergoing Progressive Intensity Exercise Training","volume":"54","author":"Stanton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azevedo, L.F., Perlingeiro, P., Hachul, D.T., Gomes-Santos, I.L., Tsutsui, J.M., Negrao, C.E., and De Matos, L.D.N.J. (2016). Predominance of Intrinsic Mechanism of Resting Heart Rate Control and Preserved Baroreflex Sensitivity in Professional Cyclists after Competitive Training. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148036"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"685","article-title":"Structure and function of distance runners\u2019 heart","volume":"41","author":"Raugaliene","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.06.014","article-title":"Relationship between echocardiographic and aerobic capacity parameters in distance runners","volume":"102","author":"Stasiulis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.027813","article-title":"Concentric myocardial hypertrophy after one year of increased training volume in experienced distance runners","volume":"40","author":"Venckunas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.02.057","article-title":"Serial left ventricular adaptations in world-class professional cyclists: Implications for disease screening and follow-up","volume":"44","author":"Abergel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"985","article-title":"Development of structural cardiac adaptation in basketball players","volume":"13","author":"Vasiliauskas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Cardiol. Work. Groups Epidemiol. Prev. Card. Rehabil. Exerc. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0586-5","article-title":"Endurance rather than sprint running training increases left ventricular wall thickness in female athletes","volume":"102","author":"Venckunas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skalenius, M., Mattsson, C.M., Dahlberg, P., Bergfeldt, L., and Ravn-Fischer, A. (2019). Performance and cardiac evaluation before and after a 3-week training camp for 400-meter sprinters\u2014An observational, non-randomized study. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217856"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-020-01809-5","article-title":"Cardiac adaptations in elite female football- and volleyball-athletes do not impact left ventricular global strain values: A speckle tracking echocardiography study","volume":"36","author":"Zacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Gioia, G., Ferrera, A., Vespasiano, F., Maestrini, V., Monosilio, S., Lemme, E., Serdoz, A., Mango, F., Casciani, E., and Pelliccia, A. (2024). Insight on Exercise-Induced Heart Remodeling in Different Track and Field Disciplines. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13206027"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70007","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70007","article-title":"Evidence of Left Ventricular Cardiac Remodeling After 6\u2009Weeks of Sprint Interval Training","volume":"34","author":"Eriksson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"483","article-title":"Effects of high intensity training and continuous endurance training on aerobic capacity and body composition in recreationally active runners","volume":"11","author":"Hottenrott","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0029-x","article-title":"High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: Part I: Cardiopulmonary emphasis","volume":"43","author":"Buchheit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2989-4","article-title":"Left atrial functional changes following short-term exercise training","volume":"114","author":"Wright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H685","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00196.2019","article-title":"Cardiac remodeling after six weeks of high-intensity interval training to exhaustion in endurance-trained men","volume":"317","author":"Mahjoub","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.04.111","article-title":"Age at start of endurance training is associated with patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy in middle-aged runners","volume":"267","author":"Ryffel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319862061","article-title":"The developing athlete\u2019s heart: A cohort study in young athletes transitioning through adolescence","volume":"26","author":"Bjerring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00117-1","article-title":"Transmitral and pulmonary venous flow study in elite male runners and young adults","volume":"84","author":"Palazzuoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199509000-00009","article-title":"Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: Review and commentary","volume":"27","author":"Howley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01351.x","article-title":"Adaptations to aerobic interval training: Interactive effects of exercise intensity and total work duration","volume":"23","author":"Seiler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.6.2138","article-title":"Muscle performance and enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training","volume":"84","author":"MacDougall","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180304570","article-title":"Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training","volume":"39","author":"Helgerud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001322","article-title":"Interval Running Training Improves Cognitive Flexibility and Aerobic Power of Young Healthy Adults","volume":"30","author":"Venckunas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev014","article-title":"Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"16","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Du Bois, D., and Du Bois, E.F. (1989). A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Nutrition, 5."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090520","article-title":"Sport category is an important determinant of cardiac adaptation: An MRI study","volume":"46","author":"Luijkx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319866019","article-title":"The impact of sex, age and training on biventricular cardiac adaptation in healthy adult and adolescent athletes: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"27","author":"Csecs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.03.010","article-title":"Moderate vs. high exercise intensity: Differential effects on aerobic fitness, cardiomyocyte contractility, and endothelial function","volume":"67","author":"Kemi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198710000-00001","article-title":"Effects of physical conditioning on the heart size and wall thickness of college women","volume":"19","author":"Rubal","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.12.1455","article-title":"Athlete\u2019s heart","volume":"89","author":"Fagard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004712","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.116.004712","article-title":"Moderate Physical Activity in Healthy Adults Is Associated with Cardiac Remodeling","volume":"9","author":"Dawes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1021285","article-title":"Cardiac responses of young women to conditioning for a 10 kilometer race","volume":"13","author":"Wolfe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Silva, A., Bhuva, A.N., van Zalen, J., Bastiaenen, R., Abdel-Gadir, A., Jones, S., Nadarajan, N., Menacho Medina, K.D., Ye, Y., and Augusto, J. (2020). Cardiovascular Remodeling Experienced by Real-World, Unsupervised, Young Novice Marathon Runners. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00232"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010775","article-title":"Cardiac remodeling in response to 1 year of intensive endurance training","volume":"130","author":"Perhonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.3.926","article-title":"Exercise training-induced alterations of cardiac morphology","volume":"61","author":"Cox","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199409000-00008","article-title":"Endurance athletes\u2019 stroke volume does not plateau: Major advantage is diastolic function","volume":"26","author":"Gledhill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00012","article-title":"Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance","volume":"32","author":"Bassett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2736","article-title":"Product of heart rate and first heart sound amplitude as an index of myocardial metabolic stress during graded exercise","volume":"77","author":"Tanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. J. Off. J. Jpn. Circ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/AC.66.3.2114136","article-title":"Relationship between left ventricular structure and post-exercise blood pressure in endurance athletes","volume":"66","author":"Karaliute","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200111000-00008","article-title":"Stroke volume does not plateau during graded exercise in elite male distance runners","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000135977.12456.8F","article-title":"Effect of exercise intensity on relationship between VO2max and cardiac output","volume":"36","author":"Lepretre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1301315","article-title":"Stroke volume does not plateau in female endurance athletes","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1645-x","article-title":"Cardiac output but not stroke volume is similar in a Wingate and VO2peak test in young men","volume":"111","author":"Fontana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"393","article-title":"Moderate Recovery Unnecessary to Sustain High Stroke Volume during Interval Training. A Brief Report","volume":"13","author":"Stanley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"316","article-title":"Acute hormonal responses before and after 2 weeks of HIT in well trained junior triathletes","volume":"35","author":"Zinner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04162-1","article-title":"Acute effects of very low-volume high-intensity interval training on muscular fatigue and serum testosterone level vary according to age and training status","volume":"119","author":"Venckunas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.10.026","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of androgenic anabolic steroids in male bodybuilders determined by tissue Doppler imaging","volume":"97","author":"Nottin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2019.1574736","article-title":"Reductions in testosterone are not indicative of exercise performance decrement in male endurance athletes","volume":"23","author":"Hackney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Male Off. J. Int. Soc. Study Aging Male"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17613","article-title":"Blood volume and hemoglobin mass in elite athletes of different disciplines","volume":"22","author":"Heinicke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3211-z","article-title":"Effect of 3-week high-intensity interval training on VO2max, total haemoglobin mass, plasma and blood volume in well-trained athletes","volume":"115","author":"Menz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014682","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014682","article-title":"Left Atrial Volume, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Diastolic Function in Healthy Individuals: The HUNT Study, Norway","volume":"9","author":"Letnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/2.11.872","article-title":"Beats modulate blood pressure during running","volume":"2","author":"Palatini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"64","article-title":"Peak pulse pressure during exercise and left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes","volume":"5","author":"Oflaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anadolu Kardiyol. Derg. AKD=Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2773-x","article-title":"Short-term high-intensity interval and continuous moderate-intensity training improve maximal aerobic power and diastolic filling during exercise","volume":"114","author":"Esfandiari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000501","article-title":"Athletic Remodeling in Female College Athletes: The \u2018Morganroth Hypothesis\u2019 Revisited","volume":"29","author":"Kooreman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med. Off. J. Can. Acad. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e262","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000237","article-title":"Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes with Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 1: Classification of Sports: Dynamic, Static, and Impact: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology","volume":"132","author":"Levine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002566","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.114.002566","article-title":"Myocardial adaptation to high-intensity (interval) training in previously untrained men with a longitudinal cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study (Running Study and Heart Trial)","volume":"8","author":"Scharf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19905","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906902116","article-title":"Selection of endurance capabilities and the trade-off between pressure and volume in the evolution of the human heart","volume":"116","author":"Shave","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.06.005","article-title":"New upper limit of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in Japanese participants in the 100-km ultramarathon","volume":"42","author":"Nagashima","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/3\/271\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:10:36Z","timestamp":1760033436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/3\/271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk10030271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk10030271","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}}}