{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T01:05:02Z","timestamp":1776387902341,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gait kinematics address the analysis of joint angles and segment movements during walking. Although there is work in the literature to solve the problems of forward (FK) and inverse kinematics (IK), there are still problems related to the accuracy of the estimation of Cartesian and joint variables, singularities, and modeling complexity on gait analysis approaches. Objective: In this work, we propose a framework for two-dimensional gait analysis addressing the singularities in the estimation of the joint variables using quaternion-based kinematic modeling. Methods: To solve the forward and inverse kinematics problems we use the dual quaternions\u2019 composition and Damped Least Square (DLS) Jacobian method, respectively. We assess the performance of the proposed methods with three gait patterns including normal, toe-walking, and heel-walking using the RMSE value in both Cartesian and joint spaces. Results: The main results demonstrate that the forward and inverse kinematics methods are capable of calculating the posture and the joint angles of the three-DoF kinematic chain representing a lower limb. Conclusions: This framework could be extended for modeling the full or partial human body as a kinematic chain with more degrees of freedom and multiple end-effectors. Finally, these methods are useful for both diagnostic disease and performance evaluation in clinical gait analysis environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10030298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T13:11:11Z","timestamp":1754313071000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dual Quaternion-Based Forward and Inverse Kinematics for Two-Dimensional Gait Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4654-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Vergara-Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan-Carlos","family":"Gonzalez-Islas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9663-8089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar-Arturo","family":"Dominguez-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5430-2536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"Rueda-Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2344-8504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Serrano-Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Richards, J., Levine, D., and Whittle, M.W. 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