{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:37:05Z","timestamp":1789587425938,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MINISTERO DELLA DIFESA","award":["M_D E13985 REG2021 0032116 28-07-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M_D E13985 REG2021 0032116 28-07-2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dietary advice for Paralympic athletes (PAs) with a spinal cord injury (PAs-SCI) requires particular attention and has been widely studied. However, currently, no particular attention has been addressed to nutritional guidelines for athletes with an amputation (PAs-AMP). This study aimed at filling up this gap, at least partially, and compared veteran PAs-SCI with PAs-AMP. Methods: A sample of 25 male PAs (12 with SCI and 13 with AMP), recruited during two training camps, was submitted to the following questionnaires: allergy questionnaire for athletes (AQUA), Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), Starvation Symptom Inventory (SSI), neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD), orthorexia (ORTO-15\/ORTO-7), alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT), and Mediterranean diet adherence (MDS). The PAs were also submitted to the following measurements: dietary Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and intakes, body composition, handgrip strength (HGS), basal energy expenditure (BEE), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak power, peak heart rate (HR), post-exercise ketosis, and antioxidant response after a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to voluntary fatigue. Results: Compared to PAs-AMP, PAs-SCI had higher NBD and lower VO2peak (p &lt; 0.05), peak power, peak HR, peak lactate, phase angle (PhA) of the dominant leg (p &lt; 0.05), and ORTO15 (p &lt; 0.05). The latter was related to NBD (r = \u22120.453), MDS (r = \u22120.638), and ORAC (r = \u22120.529), whereas ORTO7 correlated with PhA of the dominant leg (r = 0.485). Significant differences between PAs-AMP and PAs-SCI were not found in the antioxidant response, glucose, and ketone levels after CPET, nor in dietary intake, AUDIT, AQUA, NMQ, SSI, BEE, HGS, and FM%. Conclusions: The present study showed that PAs-SCI and PAs-AMP display similar characteristics in relation to lifestyle, energy intake, basal energy expenditure, and metabolic response to CPET. Based on both the similarities with PAs-SCI and the consequences of the limb deficiency impairment, PAs-AMP and PAs-SCI require personalized nutritional advice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10030305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T15:09:53Z","timestamp":1754492993000},"page":"305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Comparative Study of Paralympic Veterans with Either a Spinal Cord Injury or an Amputation: Implications for Personalized Nutritional Advice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6210-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Peluso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Food and Nutrition (CREA-AN), 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4021-6829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Raguzzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Food and Nutrition (CREA-AN), 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3798-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Toti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Food and Nutrition (CREA-AN), 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8706-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennaro","family":"Boccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2810-6162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Italian Army Medical Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Munzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Veteran Defence Center, Defense Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8422-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo Riccardo","family":"Brustio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4553-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Rainoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2464-1019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Cavedon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8011-4379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Milanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1187-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Sciarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Italian Army Medical Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1593-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology \u201cV. 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