{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:49:59Z","timestamp":1780451399580,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Adolescence is a pivotal stage of development characterized by significant physical, psychological, and social changes. Establishing healthy lifestyle habits during this period is crucial for long-term health and the prevention of chronic diseases. Despite this, global trends show a marked decline in physical activity among adolescents, particularly girls, who are more susceptible to sedentary behaviors. One potential site for intervention to eliminate physical inactivity at the population level is the school educational setting during childhood. Traditional school-based physical exercise programs often adopt a one-size-fits-all approach, which may not address the diverse needs and interests of students, leading to reduced motivation and participation. Personalized physical exercise programs, tailored to individual capabilities and preferences, offer a promising alternative to enhance physical fitness and foster lifelong engagement in physical activity. Methods: A total of 170 Hungarian high school girls (mean age \u2248 15.3 years) were randomly assigned to either a personalized physical exercise group or a control group following the standard curriculum. The intervention spanned two academic years and consisted of five traditional gym classes per week (control group) or three traditional and two individually tailored classes with cardiorespiratory and resistance training per week (intervention group), each lasting 45\u201360 min. Individual goals were set based on baseline assessments, emphasizing self-referenced progress. Results: The personalized physical exercise group showed significant improvements in body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, maximum oxygen uptake capacity (VO2max), muscular strength, and flexibility (p &lt; 0.05), while the control group exhibited minimal or negative changes. Conclusions: The personalized physical exercise program has been shown to be more effective in achieving higher cardiorespiratory performance and favorable body composition among adolescent girls than a traditional school physical education class, highlighting its potential role in school settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10030341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T10:29:07Z","timestamp":1757327347000},"page":"341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Personalized Physical Exercise Program Among Adolescent Girls: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Petrovics","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7786-0469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balazs","family":"Sebesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7691-5773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"Szekeres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9809-699X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eszter","family":"Szabados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Cardiology and Rehabilitation, 1st Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"P\u00e1lfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Cardiology and Rehabilitation, 1st Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01259-9","article-title":"Physical activity behaviours in adolescence: Current evidence and opportunities for intervention","volume":"398","author":"Ekelund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-019-02171-3","article-title":"A systematic review of the assessment of quality of life in adolescents","volume":"147","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200223","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.0223","article-title":"Association of Physical Education with Improvement of Health-Related Physical Fitness Outcomes and Fundamental Motor Skills Among Youths: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-7-40","article-title":"Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth","volume":"7","author":"Janssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","article-title":"Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: A pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1.6 million participants","volume":"4","author":"Guthold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60646-1","article-title":"Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects","volume":"380","author":"Hallal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018\u20132030: More Active People for a Healthier World, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, U., Schindler, C., Zahner, L., Ernst, D., Hebestreit, H., van Mechelen, W., Brunner-La Rocca, H.P., Probst-Hensch, N., Puder, J.J., and Kriemler, S. (2014). Long-term effect of a school-based physical activity program (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in children: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087929"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.035","article-title":"Improvement of early vascular changes and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children after a six-month exercise program","volume":"48","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2006.10597894","article-title":"Top 10 reasons for quality physical education","volume":"77","author":"Masurier","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Recreat. Danc."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"American Heart Association, American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, and American Diabetes Association (2025, May 29). Increasing and Improving Physical Education and Physical Activity in Schools: Benefits for Children\u2019s Health and Educational Outcomes. Available online: https:\/\/www.heart.org."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrovics, P., Sandor, B., Palfi, A., Szekeres, Z., Atlasz, T., Toth, K., and Szabados, E. (2020). Association between obesity and overweight and cardiorespiratory and muscle performance in adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010134"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1127\/aa\/66\/2008\/317","article-title":"Longitudinal differences and trends in body fat and running endurance in Hungarian primary schoolboys","volume":"66","author":"Pampakas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anthropol. Anz."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-024-01636-0","article-title":"Individualized pleasure-oriented exercise sessions, exercise frequency, and affective outcomes: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Teixeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001842","article-title":"Incidence of VO\u2082max responders to personalized versus standardized exercise prescription","volume":"51","author":"Weatherwax","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.01.005","article-title":"Affect-regulated exercise intensity: Does training at an intensity that feels \u2018good\u2019 improve physical health?","volume":"15","author":"Parfitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512520967610","article-title":"Effects of self-selected resistance training on physical fitness and psychophysiological responses in physically inactive older women: A randomized controlled study","volume":"128","author":"Elsangedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001764","article-title":"Sharing a personal trainer: Personal and social benefits of individualized, small-group training","volume":"31","author":"Wayment","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duffey, K., Barbosa, A., Whiting, S., Mendes, R., Yordi Aguirre, I., Tcymbal, A., Abu-Omar, K., Gelius, P., and Breda, J. (2021). Barriers and facilitators of physical activity participation in adolescent girls: A systematic review of systematic reviews. Front. Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.743935"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098253","article-title":"European normative values for physical fitness in children and adolescents aged 9\u201317 years: Results from 2,779,165 Eurofit performances representing 30 countries","volume":"52","author":"Tomkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrovics, P., Nagy, A., Sandor, B., Palfi, A., Szekeres, Z., Toth, K., and Szabados, E. (2020). Examination of Self-Esteem, Body Image, Eating Attitudes and Cardiorespiratory Performance in Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413172"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117118818747","article-title":"Adolescent girls\u2019 perceptions of physical activity: A systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"33","author":"Corr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-095987","article-title":"International normative 20 m shuttle run values from 1,142,026 children and youth representing 50 countries","volume":"51","author":"Tomkinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2014-0175","article-title":"Cross-validation of aerobic capacity prediction models in adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Burns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bueno-Antequera, J., and Mungu\u00eda-Izquierdo, D. (2023). Physical Inactivity, Sedentarism, and Low Fitness: A Worldwide Pandemic for Public Health. Integrated Science of Global Epidemics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17778-1_19"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097330","article-title":"Change in physical activity from adolescence to early adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies","volume":"53","author":"Corder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.3310","article-title":"Global prevalence of hypertension in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"173","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.222","article-title":"Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: Systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Reilly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2024.209","article-title":"The impact of personalized versus standardized cardiorespiratory and muscular training on health-related outcomes and rate of responders","volume":"23","author":"Weatherwax","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.2400","article-title":"Association of cardiorespiratory fitness levels during youth with health risk later in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"174","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803774","article-title":"Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: A powerful marker of health","volume":"32","author":"Ortega","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091907","article-title":"Muscle strength in youth and cardiovascular risk in young adulthood (The European Youth Heart Study)","volume":"49","author":"Kristensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.07.016","article-title":"Relationship between adolescent fitness and fatness and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adulthood: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS)","volume":"149","author":"Eisenmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.073585","article-title":"Ideal cardiovascular health in childhood and cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study","volume":"125","author":"Laitinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.61","article-title":"Childhood fitness reduces the long-term cardiometabolic risks associated with childhood obesity","volume":"40","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0479-x","article-title":"Framework for the Design and Delivery of Organized Physical Activity Sessions for Children and Adolescents: Rationale and Description of the \u2018SAAFE\u2019 Teaching Principles","volume":"14","author":"Lubans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2025.103163","article-title":"Differentiation Approach in Education: Tailoring Instruction for Diverse Learner Needs","volume":"14","author":"Goyibova","year":"2025","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.27.3.350","article-title":"Some Like It Vigorous: Measuring Individual Differences in the Preference for and Tolerance of Exercise Intensity","volume":"27","author":"Ekkekakis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.99.4.747","article-title":"Teacher Motivational Strategies and Student Self-Determination in Physical Education","volume":"99","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2016.06.004","article-title":"Modeling Indicators and Outcomes of Students\u2019 Perceived Teacher Relatedness Support in High School Physical Education","volume":"26","author":"Sparks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/3\/341\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:41:22Z","timestamp":1760035282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/3\/341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk10030341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk10030341","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]}}}