{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:04:21Z","timestamp":1792091061542,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Muscle strength asymmetries between limbs are common in physically active populations and may influence performance and injury risk. This study aimed to: (i) analyze the reliability of the seated unilateral cable row exercise using a functional electromechanical dynamometer (FEMD) and to examine differences in reliability between sides and contraction types; (ii) investigate the relationship between the dominant and non-dominant sides, as well as between the dynamic and static force production of the back muscles; and (iii) quantify force output and assess interlimb asymmetries. Methods: Twenty-nine young physically active athletes completed two sets of four repetitions of a seated unilateral cable row at 0.30 m\u00b7s\u22121 using the FEMD, followed by a 6-s isometric contraction. Two testing sessions were conducted seven days apart. Reliability was assessed using paired t-tests, the effect size, the coefficient of variation (CV), the standard error of measurement, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Peak and average force values showed very high to extremely high relative reliability (ICC = 0.86\u20130.96) and acceptable absolute reliability (CV \u2248 10%). Differences between dominant and non-dominant sides varied depending on contraction type. While group-level asymmetries did not exceed 10%, individual analysis revealed that 14%, 32%, and 7% of participants had asymmetries greater than 15% in isometric, concentric, and eccentric force, respectively. Conclusions: This test demonstrates strong reliability and provides a practical method for assessing upper limb asymmetries in physically active individuals, with potential applications in performance monitoring and injury prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10040390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T10:48:07Z","timestamp":1759834087000},"page":"390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reliability of the Seated Unilateral Cable Row and Strength Differences Between Dominant and Non-Dominant Sides in Young Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5155-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Perea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Strength & Conditioning Laboratory, CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7860-4598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports\u2019 Special Didactics, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Sports Performance, Physical Condition and Wellness, Faculty of Education and Sports, University of Vigo, 36310 Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3291-3042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Ferragut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Science Health, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6878-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Jerez-Mayorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strength & Conditioning Laboratory, CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1008-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Javier","family":"Chirosa R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strength & Conditioning Laboratory, CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4215-9207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports\u2019 Special Didactics, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Sports Performance, Physical Condition and Wellness, Faculty of Education and Sports, University of Vigo, 36310 Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7569-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Serrano-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports\u2019 Special Didactics, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Sports Performance, Physical Condition and Wellness, Faculty of Education and Sports, University of Vigo, 36310 Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01309-5","article-title":"The Benefits of Strength Training on Musculoskeletal System Health: Practical Applications for Interdisciplinary Care","volume":"50","author":"Maestroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2255","article-title":"Influence of Scapular Position on the Core Musculature Activation in the Prone Plank Exercise","volume":"31","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2023.123319","article-title":"Core Training and Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"40","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-220301","article-title":"Isokinetic Trunk Training on Pain, Disability, and Strength in Non-Specific Low Back Pain Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"36","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.06.008","article-title":"Evaluation Isometric and Isokinetic of Trunk Flexor and Extensor Muscles with Isokinetic Dynamometer: A Systematic Review","volume":"45","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iglesias-Caama\u00f1o, M., \u00c1lvarez-Yates, T., Carballo-L\u00f3pez, J., Cuba-Dorado, A., and Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, \u00d3. (2022). Is Asymmetry Different Depending on How It Is Calculated?. Symmetry, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14102195"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003828","article-title":"Higher Vertical Jumping Asymmetries and Lower Physical Performance Are Indicators of Increased Injury Incidence in Youth Team-Sport Athletes","volume":"36","author":"Bishop","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104692","article-title":"Single Leg Vertical Jump Performance Identifies Knee Function Deficits at Return to Sport after ACL Reconstruction in Male Athletes","volume":"56","author":"Kotsifaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00298-7","article-title":"Eccentric Strength Assessment of Hamstring Muscles with New Technologies: A Systematic Review of Current Methods and Clinical Implications","volume":"7","author":"Claudino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Perea, A., Jerez-Mayorga, D., Morenas-Aguilar, M.D., Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, D., Chirosa-R\u00edos, I.J., Chirosa-R\u00edos, L.J., and Reyes-Ferrada, W. (2023). Influence of Sex and Dominant Side on the Reliability of Two Trunk Rotator Exercises. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042441"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"176","article-title":"Reliability and Concurrent Validity of a Functional Electromechanical Dynamometer Device for the Assessment of Movement Velocity","volume":"235","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part P J. Sports Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-200225","article-title":"Isometric and Isokinetic Muscle Strength Measurements of the Lumbar Flexors and Extensors with BioniX Sim3 Pro in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Study","volume":"34","author":"Vanhauter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos, A., Ulloa-D\u00edaz, D., Barboza-Gonz\u00e1lez, P., Rodr\u00edguez-Perea, \u00c1., Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, D., Quidel-Catrilelb\u00fan, M., Guede-Rojas, F., Cuevas-Aburto, J., Janicijevic, D., and Weakley, J. (2019). Assessment of the Load-Velocity Profile in the Free-Weight Prone Bench Pull Exercise through Different Velocity Variables and Regression Models. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212085"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050312116688842","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312116688842","article-title":"Validity and Test-Retest Reliability of a Novel Simple Back Extensor Muscle Strength Test","volume":"5","author":"Harding","year":"2017","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-192242","article-title":"Potential Benefits of Multicenter Reliability Studies in Sports Science: A Practical Guide for Its Implementation","volume":"28","author":"Janicijevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Isokinet. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2015). Hopkins Spreadsheets for Analysis of Validity and Reliability. Sportscience, 19, 36\u201344. Available online: https:\/\/sportsci.org\/2017\/wghxls.htm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31814fb55c","article-title":"A Vertical Jump Force Test for Assessing Bilateral Strength Asymmetry in Athletes","volume":"39","author":"Impellizzeri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000371","article-title":"Interlimb Asymmetries: Understanding How to Calculate Differences From Bilateral and Unilateral Tests","volume":"40","author":"Bishop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes-Ferrada, W., Chirosa-Rios, L., Chirosa-Rios, I., Mart\u00ednez-Garcia, D., Barboza-gonzalez, P., Ulloa-Diaz, D., Jerez-mayorga, D., and Rodr\u00edguez-Perea, A. (2022). A New Reliable Device to Assess Trunk Extensors Strength. Acta Bioeng. Biomech., 24.","DOI":"10.37190\/ABB-01965-2021-05"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e7883","article-title":"Reliability of Isometric and Isokinetic Trunk Flexor Strength Using a Functional Electromechanical Dynamometer","volume":"2019","author":"Rojas","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Buend\u00eda, G., Rodr\u00edguez-Perea, \u00c1., Chirosa-R\u00edos, I., Chirosa-R\u00edos, L.J., and Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, D. (2024). Reliability of Dynamic Shoulder Strength Test Battery Using Multi-Joint Isokinetic Device. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113568"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000269","article-title":"Test-Retest Reliability and Sensitivity of the Concept2 Dyno Dynamometer: Practical Applications","volume":"28","author":"Bampouras","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parolini, F., Goethel, M., Robalino, J., Becker, K., Sousa, M., Pulcineli, B.C., Ervilha, U.F., Vilas-Boas, J.P., and Santos, R. (2025). Precision and Reliability of a Dynamometer for Trunk Extension Strength and Steadiness Assessment. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15084081"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mula-P\u00e9rez, F., Manzano-S\u00e1nchez, D., Chirosa-R\u00edos, L.J., Chirosa-R\u00edos, I.J., and Rodr\u00edguez-Perea, \u00c1. (2024). A Specific Test of Starting Blocks: Intrasession and Intersession Reliability of Isometric Strength Using a Functional Electromechanical Dynamometer. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14177778"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.2.05","article-title":"Strength Asymmetry of the Shoulders in Elite Volleyball Players","volume":"49","author":"Hadzic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2021-0081","article-title":"Assessing Inter-Limb Asymmetries in Soccer Players: Magnitude, Direction and Association with Performance","volume":"79","author":"Bishop","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theodorou, E., Christou, M., Apostolidis, A., Tryfonidis, M., Zaras, N., and Hadjicharalambous, M. (2022). The Effect of Spinal Asymmetries on Physical Fitness Parameters in Young Elite Soccer Players. Symmetry, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14122497"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"473","article-title":"Evaluating Novel Methods of Classifying Interlimb Asymmetries Within Collegiate American Football Players","volume":"15","author":"Philipp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1361894","article-title":"Effects of Inter-Limb Asymmetries on Physical and Sports Performance: A Systematic Review","volume":"36","author":"Bishop","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dindorf, C., Bartaguiz, E., Janowicz, E., Fr\u00f6hlich, M., and Ludwig, O. (2022). Effects of Unilateral Muscle Fatigue on Thermographic Skin Surface Temperature of Back and Abdominal Muscles\u2014A Pilot Study. Sports, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports10030041"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002608","article-title":"The Relationship Between Asymmetry and Athletic Performance: A Critical Review","volume":"33","author":"Maloney","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/4\/390\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:50:02Z","timestamp":1760035802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/4\/390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk10040390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk10040390","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]}}}