{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:31Z","timestamp":1787028691633,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PhysioH research group","award":["CTS046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTS046"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014181","name":"Junta de Extremadura","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GR24124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR24124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Joint position sense (JPS) is a critical component of proprioception and postural control, especially in older adults, where deficits are associated with increased risk of falls and functional decline. Recent studies have explored smartphone-based digital inclinometers as accessible tools for clinical proprioceptive assessment, but their participant-level reproducibility in institutionalized elderly populations remains unexplored. Objective: We aimed to examine the reproducibility of joint position sense performance in institutionalized older adults, using a smartphone-based inclinometer that has been applied in other populations. Assessing joint position sense with accessible smartphone-based tools may provide practical insights for rehabilitation and functional assessment in older adults. Methods: Thirty-five-year-old or older adults (mean age 85.9 \u00b1 8.19 years) participated in this test\u2013retest study. JPS was assessed using the iPhone\u00ae inclinometer. Participants memorized and attempted to reproduce a 30\u00b0 forward trunk flexion while standing. The absolute angular error was measured across two sessions, one week apart. Relative and absolute reproducibility were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 2,1), standard error of measurement (SEM), Smallest Real Difference (SRD), and Bland\u2013Altman analysis. Results: The ICC for the whole sample was 0.839 (95% CI: 0.72\u20130.91), indicating good reproducibility of participants\u2019 proprioceptive performance. SEM and SRD were 3.65\u00b0 (33.3%) and 10.1\u00b0 (92.3%), respectively. Bland\u2013Altman plots showed minimal bias (0.23\u00b0) and only 5.71% of values fell outside the 95% limits of agreement. Conclusions: Participants demonstrated moderate-to-good reproducibility in replicating joint position sense, reflecting consistent proprioceptive performance across sessions. This approach demonstrates feasibility for repeated proprioceptive assessment in this population. These findings have potential applications for functional monitoring and fall-prevention programs in institutionalized older adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10040416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T02:03:48Z","timestamp":1761185028000},"page":"416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reproducibility of Proprioceptive Performance in Institutionalized Older Adults Using a Smartphone-Based Joint Position Sense Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5341-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Ca\u00f1a-Pino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Medical-Therapy Department, Medicine Faculty and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group PhysioH (Fisioterapia e Hipoterapia), University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Mar\u00edn-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Medical-Therapy Department, Medicine Faculty and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (INE) (2025). 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