{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T21:20:11Z","timestamp":1783459211891,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: We examined how opposing running slopes can modulate interval training effects on aerobic performance and reduction\u2013oxidation (REDOX) determinants. Methods: Fourteen physically active volunteers, assigned to either the Uphill group (UG) or the Downhill group (DG), completed 16 workouts of ten 30-s runs, at either +10% or \u221210% grade, with a work-to-rest ratio of 1:2 at 90% of their Maximum Aerobic Speed (MAS) over 8 weeks. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), MAS, Running Economy (RE), time to exhaustion at MAS (Tmax), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and blood lactate at rest, 5th, and 10th runs were evaluated pre-, mid-, and post-training. Also, REDOX markers [Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Protein Carbonyls (PCs) were assessed in blood samples taken at rest and 3 min post-exercise of the first and last workouts. Results: VO2max was unchanged in both groups; in the DG, MAS increased (from 14.2 \u00b1 1.7 to 15.0 \u00b1 1.5 km\/h, d = 0.43), and post-training RER significantly increased (from 1.06 \u00b1 0.07 to 1.12 \u00b1 0.03). In the last training session, blood lactate levels increased in the UG (from 9.30 \u00b1 2.69 mm\u03bfl\/L to 13.34 \u00b1 4.64 mm\u03bfl\/L) but remained low and unchanged in DG (&lt;2 mm\u03bfl\/L). Post-training, resting TAC decreased in both groups, and the exercise-induced rise in PC levels was attenuated. Conclusions: Despite the brief intervention, VO2max levels were maintained in both groups, with divergent changes in metabolic, REDOX, and performance indicators; uphill HIIT may serve for enhancing lactate tolerance, while downhill intermittent running may improve running economy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10040460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T13:09:25Z","timestamp":1763989765000},"page":"460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physiological, Performance, and Oxidative Stress Responses to High-Intensity Uphill and Downhill Interval Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9783-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Theofilidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology and Lifestyle Medicine Laboratory, CREHP, DPESS, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3382-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory C.","family":"Bogdanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ethnikis Antistasis 41, 17237 Dafni, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2610-4900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Kaltsatou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology and Lifestyle Medicine Laboratory, CREHP, DPESS, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-0982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantina P.","family":"Poulianiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology and Lifestyle Medicine Laboratory, CREHP, DPESS, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia I.","family":"Mitrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology and Lifestyle Medicine Laboratory, CREHP, DPESS, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9902-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara Suemi da Costa","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology and Lifestyle Medicine Laboratory, CREHP, DPESS, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"},{"name":"Bioscience Institute, (UNESP) Sao Paulo State University, Rio Claro 13506-692, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Georgakouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology and Lifestyle Medicine Laboratory, CREHP, DPESS, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0589-3226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology and Lifestyle Medicine Laboratory, CREHP, DPESS, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"},{"name":"Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds LS6 3QT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Argyro A.","family":"Krase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology and Lifestyle Medicine Laboratory, CREHP, DPESS, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fani","family":"Chasioti-Fourli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology and Lifestyle Medicine Laboratory, CREHP, DPESS, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6703-8095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Syrmos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Volos, 38222 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2462-995X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgos K.","family":"Sakkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology and Lifestyle Medicine Laboratory, CREHP, DPESS, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7065-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiannis","family":"Koutedakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology and Lifestyle Medicine Laboratory, CREHP, DPESS, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"},{"name":"Faculty of Arts, University of Wolverhampton, Ring Rd, Wolverhampton WV1 1RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8266-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Karatzaferi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology and Lifestyle Medicine Laboratory, CREHP, DPESS, School of Physical Education Sports Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, 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