{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T11:10:04Z","timestamp":1765192204713,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A rhythmic jumping task that does not require specialized equipment may represent a simple method to assess upper\u2013lower-limb coordination in athletes. Previous studies have been limited to groups with relatively low coordination ability; thus, whether task performance reflects the ability level or remains reproducible over time is unclear. This study determined whether the rhythmic jumping task reflects coordination levels in high-level performers, verified its generalizability as an assessment tool, and evaluated its reproducibility over time. Methods: Twenty-eight female high school volleyball players who routinely engaged in coordination training were enrolled, and performed six rhythmic jumping tasks identical to those used in a previous study. Performance was evaluated using three indices: complete performance rate (successful completion of all four series), success rate of at least one series, and average number of successful series. Twelve participants were retested 1 year later to examine reproducibility. Results: The high-level group demonstrated an overall superior performance compared to the low-level group from a previous study. Easier conditions yielded higher success rates, whereas more difficult conditions yielded lower success rates. Retest results demonstrated reproducible performance patterns over time. Conclusions: The rhythmic jumping task appropriately reflected coordination ability: high-level performers outperformed low-level performers. The task maintained a consistent difficulty order and reproducible performance across groups and over time, supporting its validity and generalizability as a practical and reliable tool to assess upper- and lower-limb coordination in applied athletic settings and provides a foundation for its further refinement and application as a standardized coordination assessment method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10040473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T10:35:51Z","timestamp":1765190151000},"page":"473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of a Rhythmic Jumping Task for the Assessment of Upper\u2013Lower Limb Coordination: Evidence from High-Level Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4126-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runjie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Programs of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3817-8472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Koda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Gonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Childhood Education, Faculty of Childhood Education, Nagoya Aoi University, 3-40 Shioji-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya-shi 467-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Morihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, 12 Nishinokyo Kurumazakacho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Programs of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, 12 Nishinokyo Kurumazakacho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, 12 Nishinokyo Kurumazakacho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teruo","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanatani, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Okado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Letters, Tohoku Gakuin University, 1-3-1 Tsuchitoi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chisato","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Rakuwakai Otowa Rehabilitation Hospital, 32-1 Koyama Kitamizo-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8113, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7669-6719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Kida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"R1000","article-title":"Phase transitions and critical behavior in human bimanual coordination","volume":"246","author":"Kelso","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelso, J.A.S. (2021). Unifying large-and small-scale theories of coordination. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23050537"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latash, M.L. (2008). Synergy, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195333169.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wade, M.G., and Whiting, H.T.A. (1986). Constraints on the development of coordination. Motor Development in Children: Aspects of Coordination and Control, Martinus-Nijhoff.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-4460-2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.2001.1308","article-title":"Temporal control and coordination: The multiple timer model","volume":"48","author":"Ivry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Schmidt, R.A., and Lee, T.D. (2011). Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis, Human Kinetics Publishers. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"11","article-title":"Coordination motor abilities in competitive sport","volume":"16","author":"Kochanowicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"50","article-title":"Relationship between coordination ability and performance level in rhythmic jumping tasks","volume":"8","author":"Narita","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"622","article-title":"Evaluation of coordination ability in junior athletes using rhythmic tasks","volume":"17","author":"Shimura","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"395","article-title":"Development of coordination skills in children through movement games","volume":"25","author":"Szabo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagog."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Miyazaki, T., Matsui, T., Gonno, M., Nomura, T., Morihara, T., Koda, H., and Kida, N. (2025). The development and preliminary validation of a rhythmic jumping task for coordination assessment: A task design based on upper and lower limb motor congruency. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10030261"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","article-title":"Defining training and performance caliber: A participant classification framework","volume":"17","author":"McKay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206433","article-title":"Sensorimotor synchronization: A review of the tapping literature","volume":"12","author":"Repp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0371-2","article-title":"Sensorimotor synchronization: A review of recent research (2006\u20132012)","volume":"20","author":"Repp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thaut, M.H., McIntosh, G.C., and Hoemberg, V. (2015). Neurobiological foundations of neurologic music therapy: Rhythmic entrainment and the motor system. Front. Psychol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01185"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2006.24.2.155","article-title":"Ambiguity in tempo perception: What draws listeners to different metrical levels?","volume":"24","author":"McKinney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1980.50.3.683","article-title":"Pursuit tracking skill as a joint function of work and rest variables","volume":"50","author":"Hagan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"111","article-title":"Sports-specific motor coordination and its assessment","volume":"26","author":"Hamar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"331","article-title":"Neurocognitive training for injury prevention and performance in sport","volume":"14","author":"Myer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"50","article-title":"Physical education and motor skills: The relationship between body mass index and coordination performance","volume":"25","author":"Hands","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"377","article-title":"Physical activity and motor skill competence in children and adolescents","volume":"82","author":"Rivilis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Starkes, J.L., and Ericsson, K.A. (2003). Development of Elite Performance and Deliberate Practice: An Update from the Perspective of the Expert-Performance Approach. Expert Performance in Sports: Advances in Research on Sport Expertise, Human Kinetics Publishers."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196276","article-title":"Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning","volume":"9","author":"Wulf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.42.020191.001241","article-title":"Motor skill acquisition","volume":"42","author":"Newell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn807","article-title":"Intermanual coordination: From behavioral principles to neural-network interactions","volume":"3","author":"Swinnen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/4\/473\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T11:06:36Z","timestamp":1765191996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/4\/473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk10040473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk10040473","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]}}}