{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T20:25:41Z","timestamp":1769718341391,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) contributes to the health benefits of exercise, and changes in EPOC may play a role in the development of diabetes. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a tool used to evaluate muscle metabolism. This study used a novel NIRS-based method of measuring EPOC in the forearm muscles of young adults with and without a family history of diabetes. Methods: Fourteen female adults with and without an immediate family history of diabetes were tested. A two-group, one-day design was used with three protocols: ischemic reperfusion, EPOC, and mitochondrial capacity. Muscle oxygen levels were measured with NIRS in the forearm. Blood flow was assessed as the initial reperfusion rate following 5 min of ischemia. EPOC was measured after 60 s of rapid wrist curls with a 2.3 kg weight, followed by measurements every minute for 10 min. Muscle mitochondrial capacity (mVO2max) was determined from the recovery rate of muscle metabolism after 30 s of electrical stimulation. EPOC was calculated as the area under the curve of oxygen consumption over 10 min after exercise, subtracting the phosphocreatine contribution calculated from mVO2max. Group comparisons were made using t-tests with significance at p &lt; 0.05. Results: mVO2max was not different between those with a positive (1.60 \u00b1 0.15 min\u22121) and those with a negative family history (1.45 \u00b1 0.17 min\u22121), p = 0.11. Net EPOC was not different between those with a positive (20.0 \u00b1 7.2 O2\u00b7s) and those with a negative (19.6 \u00b1 11.3 O2\u00b7s) family history, p = 0.94. Conclusions: Muscle EPOC minus PCr was calculated after a short, intense bout of exercise. No differences were found in the mitochondrial capacity or EPOC between young healthy individuals with and without a family history of diabetes. This study presents the use of EPOC to evaluate muscle metabolism in populations at risk for diabetes and other related disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11010055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T08:12:23Z","timestamp":1769674343000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measuring Muscle Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption in Individuals with a Family History of Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-487X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin K.","family":"McCully","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"InfraredRx, Inc., Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Kachappilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Flame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abheeraj","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InfraredRx, Inc., Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Benedict, F.G., and Carpenter, T.M. (1910). The Metabolism and Energy Transformations of Healthy Man During Rest, The Carnegie Institute."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333140-00002","article-title":"Effect of Exercise Intensity, Duration and Mode on Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption","volume":"33","author":"Borsheim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198401000-00008","article-title":"Metabolic Bases of Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Gaesser","year":"1984","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98590-z","article-title":"The Effects and Post-Exercise Energy Metabolism Characteristics of Different High-Intensity Interval Training in Obese Adults","volume":"15","author":"BaiQuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.23.15209-1","article-title":"Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Epoc and Fat Oxidation after Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training","volume":"63","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e174","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12132","article-title":"High- and Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise and Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption in Men with Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1417","article-title":"Effects of Exercise Intensity on Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption of the Vastus Lateralis","volume":"139","author":"Knuth","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e553","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004873","article-title":"Microvascular Reactivity Is Greater Following Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise Compared with Traditional Resistance Exercise","volume":"38","author":"Perlet","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2001.117152","article-title":"Mitochondrial Function and Oxygen Supply in Normal and in Chronically Ischemic Muscle: A Combined 31p Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and near Infrared Spectroscopy Study in Vivo","volume":"34","author":"Kemp","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Reuters (2026, January 21). Diabetes Reportedly to Double Worldwide by 2030. Available online: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/business\/healthcare-pharmaceuticals\/diabetes-forecast-to-hit-one-in-10-adults-by-2030-idUSTRE7AD1HC\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.1.76","article-title":"Prevalence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors, 2001","volume":"289","author":"Mokdad","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2S","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00682.x","article-title":"What Is the Economic Case for Treating Obesity?","volume":"6","author":"Wolf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05891-x","article-title":"Sex Differences in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Leutner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-012-2043-4","article-title":"Mitochondria in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes: A Proteomic View","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0765","article-title":"Delayed Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Adp Recovery in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes Relates to Muscle Insulin Resistance","volume":"64","author":"Newcomer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000184","article-title":"Considering Type 1 Diabetes as a Form of Accelerated Muscle Aging","volume":"47","author":"Monaco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031314","article-title":"Impaired Mitochondrial Activity in the Insulin-Resistant Offspring of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"350","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pottecher, J., Adamopoulos, C., Lejay, A., Bouitbir, J., Charles, A.L., Meyer, A., Singer, M., Wolff, V., Diemunsch, P., and Laverny, G. (2018). Diabetes Worsens Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis after Lower-Limb Ischemia-Reperfusion: Implication of the Risk and Safe Pathways?. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00579"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12517","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12517","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Performance in Metabolic Disease: Microvascular or Mitochondrial Limitation or Both?","volume":"26","author":"Frisbee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v8i2.2049","article-title":"Muscle Mitochondrial Capacity and Endurance in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Hewgley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Res. Arch."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2657-0","article-title":"Near-Infrared Assessments of Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Capacity in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"113","author":"Erickson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2006.11753887","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury or Disorder","volume":"29","author":"Lavela","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S310","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-s273","article-title":"Metabolic Complications of Childhood Obesity: Identifying and Mitigating the Risk","volume":"31","author":"Weiss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4688-x","article-title":"Associations of Maternal Type 1 Diabetes with Childhood Adiposity and Metabolic Health in the Offspring: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"61","author":"Pitchika","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen, K.F., Dufour, S., and Shulman, G.I. (2005). Decreased Insulin-Stimulated Atp Synthesis and Phosphate Transport in Muscle of Insulin-Resistant Offspring of Type 2 Diabetic Parents. PLoS Med., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020233"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.1.338","article-title":"Validity of Nir Spectroscopy for Quantitatively Measuring Muscle Oxidative Metabolic Rate in Exercise","volume":"90","author":"Sako","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v9i7.2505","article-title":"Muscle Oxidative Capacity in the Arms and Legs of Various Types of Endurance Trained Athletes","volume":"9","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Res. Arch."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1844","article-title":"Regional Anatomic Differences in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Respiration in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity","volume":"95","author":"Rabol","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090540","article-title":"Metabolic and Microvascular Function Assessed Using near-Infrared Spectroscopy with Vascular Occlusion in Women: Age Differences and Reliability","volume":"108","author":"Rogers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00835.2013","article-title":"A Cross-Validation of near-Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements of Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Capacity with Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","volume":"115","author":"Ryan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390300073207","article-title":"A Practical Indicator of Muscle Oxidative Capacity Determined by Recovery of Muscle O 2 Consumption Using Nir Spectroscopy","volume":"3","author":"Nagasawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumner, M.D., Beard, S., Pryor, E.K., Das, I., and McCully, K.K. (2020). Near Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements of Mitochondrial Capacity Using Partial Recovery Curves. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00111"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12353","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12353","article-title":"Reduced Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Capacity and Impaired Training Adaptations in Heart Failure","volume":"3","author":"Southern","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670060015008","article-title":"The Validity and Practicality of Sun-Reactive Skin Types I through Vi","volume":"124","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1192","article-title":"Absolute Quantification of Phosphorus Metabolite Concentrations in Human Muscle in Vivo by 31p Mrs: A Quantitative Review","volume":"20","author":"Kemp","year":"2007","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15661","article-title":"Racial Discrepancies in Oximetry: Where Do We Stand? The Gold Standard Choice","volume":"77","author":"Ferrari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702053085151","article-title":"Skin Color Correction for Tissue Spectroscopy: Demonstration of a Novel Approach with Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms","volume":"59","author":"Soyemi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1010021","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Thickness Affects in Vivo Quantitative near-Ir Spectroscopy in Human Skeletal Muscle","volume":"101","author":"Borghuis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091313","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.21.9.091313","article-title":"Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Function in Vivo in Health and Disease: A Review from an Exercise Physiology Perspective","volume":"21","author":"Grassi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"123","article-title":"Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: What Can It Tell Us About Oxygen Saturation in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"28","author":"McCully","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/11\/1\/55\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T08:40:24Z","timestamp":1769676024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/11\/1\/55"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk11010055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk11010055","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]}}}