{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:31Z","timestamp":1787028691705,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by motor and non-motor symptoms. Several studies have reported varying prevalence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) among individuals with PD. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of CTS in people with PD and explore any potential association between the two conditions. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A systematic search was performed across PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and EMBASE from inception to April 2024. Studies reporting CTS prevalence data in individuals with PD were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) quality assessment tool. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated using a random-effects model. Risk difference (RD) and risk ratio (RR) were calculated to assess the association between PD and CTS compared with control groups. Results: A total of 7 studies involving 411 participants (343 with PD and 68 controls) met the inclusion criteria, with 679 wrists assessed. The pooled prevalence of CTS in PD was estimated at 15% (95% CI: 0.07\u20130.28) with significant heterogeneity (p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 91%). The RD was 10% (95% CI: 0.04\u20130.16, p = 0.002), with low heterogeneity (p = 0.29, I2 = 19%). The RR of CTS in PD compared with controls was 3.31 (95% CI: 0.60\u201318.42, p = 0.17), with moderate heterogeneity (p = 0.13, I2 = 52%). Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides preliminary pooled estimates indicating a potentially increased prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in individuals with PD. Although the findings suggest a possible association, clinicians should maintain increased vigilance for CTS symptoms in patients with PD presenting with upper-limb sensory or motor complaints. From a biomechanical and functional perspective, these findings highlight the importance of routine upper-limb screening and the implementation of rehabilitation strategies targeting hand use, dexterity, and sensorimotor control within physiotherapy practice. Further high-quality studies with larger, well-characterised samples are required to confirm this relationship and clarify its clinical and functional implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11010066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T16:12:37Z","timestamp":1770048757000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and Risk of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Amir N.","family":"Attia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasr Alainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt"},{"name":"Global Alliance of Young Researchers, Istanbul 34000, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5640-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kareem Wael","family":"Raafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance of Young Researchers, Istanbul 34000, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed R.","family":"Ezz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance of Young Researchers, Istanbul 34000, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab Naser","family":"Sabry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance of Young Researchers, Istanbul 34000, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Physical Therapy, Misr University of Science and Technology, Giza 12566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2381-2931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam M.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance of Young Researchers, Istanbul 34000, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasr Alainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt"},{"name":"Global Alliance of Young Researchers, Istanbul 34000, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance of Young Researchers, Istanbul 34000, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1461-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George M.","family":"Pamboris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9511-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon","family":"Plakias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Viseux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, General Hospital of Hazebrouck, F-59190 Hazebrouck, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, LAMIH, CNRS, UMR 8201, F-59313 Valenciennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0805-8181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance of Young Researchers, Istanbul 34000, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fenerbah\u00e7e University, Istanbul 34758, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chalk CBTH of CN (2024). Carpal tunnel syndrome. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Elsevier. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780323901086000053."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yong, R.J., Nguyen, M., Nelson, E., and Urman, R.D. (2017). Carpal tunnel syndrome. Pain Medicine: An Essential Review, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43133-8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00521-1","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Dahlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.2.153","article-title":"Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population","volume":"282","author":"Atroshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiri, R., Heli\u00f6vaara, M., Moilanen, L., Viikari, J., Liira, H., and Viikari-Juntura, E. (2011). Associations of cardiovascular risk factors, carotid intima-media thickness and manifest atherosclerotic vascular disease with carpal tunnel syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-80"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"52","article-title":"Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Rapid Evidence Review","volume":"110","author":"Wipperman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2024.2327407","article-title":"Median nerve ultrasonography in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Atwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30231-9","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: Clinical features, diagnosis, and management","volume":"15","author":"Padua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.2.186","article-title":"What is carpal tunnel syndrome?","volume":"282","author":"Franzblau","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-009-1416-x","article-title":"Current concepts of carpal tunnel syndrome: Pathophysiology, treatment, and evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"e40145","article-title":"An Integrated Review of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: New Insights to an Old Problem","volume":"15","author":"Omole","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S.W., Cheon, K.Y., Kim, J.Y., and Baik, J.S. (2015). Carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with tremor dominant Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130779"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Tysnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Stoker, T.B., and Greenland, J.C. (2025, July 18). Parkinson\u2019s disease: Etiology, neuropathology, and pathogenesis, Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK536722\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_609_21","article-title":"The outcomes of carpal tunnel decompression based on electro-diagnostic approaches and clinical symptoms in patients suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)","volume":"11","author":"Erfanifam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2020.10.013","article-title":"Postural instability in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Review and bottom-up rehabilitative approaches","volume":"50","author":"Viseux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2096","article-title":"Pain and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Current mechanism and management updates","volume":"27","author":"Viseux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-171444","article-title":"Axial rigidity is related to the risk of falls in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.11.2131","article-title":"Pathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Berardelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.11.027","article-title":"Do kinematic gait parameters help to discriminate between fallers and non-fallers with Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"132","author":"Delval","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(18)30310-3","article-title":"The anatomy, symptoms, and signs of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Hennessey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2024). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Cochrane. Available online: https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schardt, C., Adams, M.B., Owens, T., Keitz, S., and Fontelo, P. (2007). Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-7-16"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"7","article-title":"Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: What are they and which is better?","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"153","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis with R: A practical tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Ment. Heal."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Team, R.C. (2022). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1574231874043578752?lang=en."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8279-9","article-title":"High incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome after deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"263","author":"Loizon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4274\/tnd.2021.54522","article-title":"The relationship between the type of parkinson\u2019s disease and entrapment neuropathy in the upper extremities","volume":"27","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turkish J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.33.12.2079","article-title":"Is median nerve enlargement at the wrist associated with tremor in Parkinson disease?","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"4958068","article-title":"Median and Ulnar Neuropathy Assessment in Parkinson\u2019s Disease regarding Symptom Severity and Asymmetry","volume":"2016","author":"Yardimci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.08.001","article-title":"Sonographic findings of the median nerve and prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"67","author":"Yucel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"S374","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Winckler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad114","article-title":"Rigidity in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Evidence from biomechanical and neurophysiological measures","volume":"146","author":"Asci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80086-5","article-title":"Effects of forearm pronation\/supination on carpal tunnel pressure","volume":"23","author":"Rempel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20599","article-title":"Effect of wrist posture on carpal tunnel pressure while typing","volume":"26","author":"Rempel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80443-5","article-title":"In vivo measurement of carpal tunnel pressure in the functioning hand","volume":"20","author":"Seradge","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015eencan, A., Ad\u0131g\u00fczel, \u0130.F., \u00dcnl\u00fc, G., \u00dcnkar, E.A., and Baydar, M. (2025). Effects of Forearm Rotational Movements on Median Nerve and Carpal Tunnel Morphology: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. J. Hand Surg. Am.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.06.008"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S282578","article-title":"Evaluation and management of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome with an overview of surgical approaches: A comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-019-0124-2","article-title":"Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-14-00176","article-title":"Double Crush Syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Kane","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghali, M., Ehlen, Q.T., Kholodovsky, E., Cacciatore, J., Parrish, J., Jenkins, N., and Dodds, S.D. (2025). Double Crush Syndrome: A Review of the Literature. HAND, 15589447251352122.","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447251352122"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2008.07.006","article-title":"Postural disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Benatru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"4","article-title":"Pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Aboonq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosciences"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22137","article-title":"Neuropathy as a potential complication of levodopa use in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Toth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31823a0ee4","article-title":"Neuropathy in Parkinson disease: Prevalence and determinants","volume":"77","author":"Rajabally","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23389","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline: Neuromuscular ultrasound for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Cartwright","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/11\/1\/66\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T05:24:24Z","timestamp":1770787464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/11\/1\/66"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk11010066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk11010066","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]}}}