{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:16:54Z","timestamp":1792012614657,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Few studies have previously shown an interaction between feet and gaze in postural control. The aim of the current study is to more specifically examine how vertical heterophoria (VH) varies with stimulation of the mechanoreceptors in the foot sole. A new method is proposed for fast assessment of minimum VH, especially when values are less than 1\/2 diopter (pD). Methods: The Maddox rod test was used to assess VH with a new device made of a small point source of light located in the center of a circular box that enables the measurement of minimum VH. The VH assessment was based on a group of 95 adults in upright posture on different subtle plantar stimulations (with and without pins and on foam). Results: Almost half of the subjects exhibited minimum heterophoria with vertical deviations less than 1 pD, most of them (96%) with a VH \u2264 1\/2 pD (small heterophoria). For the latter, a subtle plantar foot change induced by pins (1 mm high) or foam (4 mm high) can have different effects on ortho- and heterophoria. Orthophoric subjects became heterophoric with foam and pins, while heterophoric subjects became orthophoric with foam and pins, which can increase or decrease their phorias depending on the foam or pins and the type of HV. Using the new circular box makes it fast and easy to highlight even the smallest of heterophorias. We suggest that clinicians use this device to assess the effects of postural interventions, even though it has not yet proven its validity. The findings of the current study highlight the interrelation between gaze and foot systems, while the importance of the plantar mechanoreceptors is demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11010074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:28:11Z","timestamp":1770910091000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Does Stimulation of Plantar Mechanoreceptors Alter Visual Spatial Localization?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2340-7527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Villeneuve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR UMR 5191 CNRS, ENS de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 215, Parvis Ren\u00e9 Descartes PB 7000, CEDEX 07, 69342 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4141-8716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Viseux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier d\u2019Hazebrouck, Service de M\u00e9decine Polyvalente, 59190 Hazebrouck, France"},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, Service de M\u00e9decine Physique et de R\u00e9adaptation Neurologique, 59230 Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, France"},{"name":"LAMIH, CNRS, UMR 8201, Universit\u00e9 Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 59300 Valenciennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-1172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Parreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Movement and Reabilitation Laboratory, Universidade Evangelica de Goias, Av. Universit\u00e1ria, s\/n-Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, An\u00e1polis 75083-515, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6673-2026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Bucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR UMR 5191 CNRS, ENS de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 215, Parvis Ren\u00e9 Descartes PB 7000, CEDEX 07, 69342 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Neurodiderot, UMR 1141 Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9 AP-HP, 48 Bl S\u00e9rurier, 75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnus, R. (1924). K\u00f6rperstellung, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-25478-3"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Amblard, B., Berthoz, A., and Clarac, F. (1988). From eye to foot: A proprioceptive chain involved in postural control. Posture and Gait: Development, Adaptation and Modulation, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"O\u2019Regan, J.K., and Levy-Shoen, A. (1987). Kinaesthetic and motor effects of extraocular muscle. Eye movements, from Physiology to Cognition, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1718-8","article-title":"A new paradigm to investigate the roles of head and eye movements in the coordination of whole-body movements","volume":"154","author":"Hollands","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1627-y","article-title":"Gaze displacement and inter-segmental coordination during large whole body voluntary rotations","volume":"193","author":"Anastasopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4238-4","article-title":"Fast gaze reorientations by combined movements of the eye, head, trunk and lower extremities","volume":"233","author":"Anastasopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"129","article-title":"A new test for heterophoria","volume":"9","author":"Maddox","year":"1890","journal-title":"Ophth. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3368\/aoj.59.1.103","article-title":"Historical vignette: Ernest Edmund Maddox (1860\u20131933): Master surgeon, inventor, and investigator","volume":"59","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Orthopt. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2011.650813","article-title":"Vertical heterophoria and susceptibility to visually induced motion sickness","volume":"20","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Scheiman, M., and Wick, B. (2013). Clinical Management of Binocular Vision: Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"235","article-title":"The Maddox Rod Screen Test","volume":"17","author":"Dolman","year":"1919","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000214316.50270.24","article-title":"Comparison of subjective heterophoria testing with a phoropter and trial frame","volume":"83","author":"Casillas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"179","article-title":"Tests for heterophoria: Reliability of tests, comparisons between tests and effect of changing testing conditions","volume":"51","author":"Scobee","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.25.5.189","article-title":"The measurement of heterophoria","volume":"25","author":"Cridland","year":"1941","journal-title":"Brit. J. Ophth."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"005","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.jnpr.1001057","article-title":"Management of Non-contact Injuries, Nonspecifc Chronic Pain, and Prevention via Sensory Conflicts Detection: Vertical Heterophoria as a Landmark Indicator","volume":"8","author":"Matheron","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nov. Physiother. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"27","article-title":"Incidence of vertical phoria on postural control during binocular vision: What perspective for prevention to nonspecific chronic pain management?","volume":"4","author":"Matheron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Hypothesis Discov. Innov. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matheron, E., and Kapoula, Z. (2011). Vertical heterophoria and postural control in nonspecific chronic low back pain. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018110"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Weber, B., and Villeneuve, P. (2007). Anomalies de la localisation spatiale visuelle de l\u2019enfant dyslexique. \u00c9tude pr\u00e9liminaire. Dysfonctions Motrices et Cognitives, Masson."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilbao, C., and Pi\u00f1ero, D.P. (2021). Distribution of Visual and Oculomotor Alterations in a Clinical Population of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030351"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S88497","article-title":"The distinctive vertical heterophoria of dyslexics","volume":"9","author":"Quercia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00079-0","article-title":"Asymmetrical vertical phorias indicating dissociated vertical deviation in subjects with normal binocular vision","volume":"38","author":"Tusscher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2022.2046539","article-title":"Horizontal Heterophoria Modifications by Means of Thin Proprioceptive Stimulations Applied on the Foot Sole: A Randomised Study","volume":"54","author":"Alessandria","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Villeneuve, P. (1996). \u00c9tude pr\u00e9liminaire sur la modification du bilan orthoptique par stimulation plantaire. Pied \u00c9quilibre et Posture, Frison-Roche."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1051\/sm\/2023015","article-title":"Les variations tactiles plantaires influencent-elles les H\u00e9t\u00e9rophories Verticales?","volume":"122","author":"Loureau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matheron, E., Zandi, A., Wang, D., and Kapoula, Z. (2016). A 1-Diopter Vertical Prism Induces a Decrease of Head Rotation: A Pilot Investigation. Front. Neurol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00062"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.07.016","article-title":"Effects of a two-diopter vertical prism on posture","volume":"423","author":"Matheron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.12.4.10","article-title":"Binocular advantages in reading revisited: Attenuating effects of individual horizontal heterophoria","volume":"12","author":"Jainta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1658225","article-title":"Systematic review of visual rehabilitation interventions for oculomotor deficits in patients with brain injury","volume":"33","author":"Watabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S492994","article-title":"The Effect of Prism Presentation Order on Near Vertical Fusional Vergence Ranges of Normal Young Adults","volume":"18","author":"Gantz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foisy, A., Gaertner, C., Matheron, E., and Kapoula, Z. (2015). Controlling Posture and Vergence Eye Movements in Quiet Stance: Effects of Thin Plantar Inserts. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143693"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goul\u00e8me, N., Delorme, R., Villeneuve, P., G\u00e9rard, C.L., Peyre, H., and Bucci, M.P. (2019). Impact of Somatosensory Input Deficiency on Subjective Visual Vertical Perception in Children With Reading Disorders. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01044"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14939","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33268-3","article-title":"Plantar cutaneous afferents influence the perception of Subjective Visual Vertical in quiet stance","volume":"8","author":"Foisy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2025.103100","article-title":"The Reticular formation: An integrative network for postural control","volume":"55","author":"Viseux","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0256-y","article-title":"Multisensory control of human upright stance","volume":"171","author":"Maurer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199810050-00021","article-title":"The plantar sole is a \u2018dynamometric map\u2019 for human balance control","volume":"9","author":"Kavounoudias","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2364-2","article-title":"Reduced plantar cutaneous sensation modifies gait dynamics, lower-limb kinematics and muscle activity during walking","volume":"112","author":"Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200210280-00025","article-title":"Cutaneous afferents from human plantar sole contribute to body posture awareness","volume":"13","author":"Roll","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2008.09.007","article-title":"Ocular versus extraocular control of posture and equilibrium","volume":"38","author":"Guerraz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"61","article-title":"Study on influences of the plantar mechanoreceptor on body sways","volume":"21","author":"Okubo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Agressologie"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2018.12.006","article-title":"How can the stimulation of plantar cutaneous receptors improve postural control? Review and clinical commentary","volume":"49","author":"Viseux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63437-5.00004-2","article-title":"Multisensory integration in balance control","volume":"137","author":"Bronstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/7333.928574","article-title":"Characteristics of somatosensory feedback in postural control during standing","volume":"9","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.04.018","article-title":"The effect of foam surface properties on postural stability assessment while standing","volume":"28","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3503-y","article-title":"An acute session of roller massage prolongs voluntary torque development and diminishes evoked pain","volume":"117","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yildiz, R., Yildiz, A., Camli, O., Akkaya, H., Aydin, M., and Basaran, Z. (2025). Effect of Plantar Sensory Stimulation on Sensorimotor Organization in General Joint Hypermobility: A Randomized Controlled Study. Healthcare, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13202572"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"101","article-title":"Sur l\u2019introduction du syst\u00e8me m\u00e9trique dans le num\u00e9rotage des verres de lunettes et sur le choix d\u2019une unit\u00e9 de r\u00e9fraction","volume":"68","author":"Monoyer","year":"1872","journal-title":"Ann. d\u2019Oculistique"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Eskridge, J.B., Amos, F.J., and Barlett, J.D. (1991). Heterophoria and heterotropia. Clinical Procedures in Optometry, J.B. Lippincott Compagny."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(98)00034-3","article-title":"Characteristics and variability of vertical phoria adaptation in normal adults","volume":"42","author":"Kono","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirasawa, K., Okano, K., Koshiji, R., Funaki, W., and Shoji, N. (2016). Smaller Fixation Target Size Is Associated with More Stable Fixation and Less Variance in Threshold Sensitivity. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165046"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2006.00414.x","article-title":"The absence of lateral congruency between sighting dominance and the eye with better visual acuity","volume":"27","author":"Pointer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000001659","article-title":"Assessing Ocular Dominance: Rethinking the Current Paradigm","volume":"51","author":"Pepose","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194802","article-title":"What does the dominant eye dominate? A brief and somewhat contentious review","volume":"65","author":"Mapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.03.053","article-title":"Ocular dominance diagnosis and its influence in monovision","volume":"144","author":"Seijas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1903.sp000980","article-title":"Qualitative difference of spinal reflex corresponding with qualitative difference of cutaneous stimulus","volume":"30","author":"Sherrington","year":"1903","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00485-0","article-title":"Reflex receptive fields for human withdrawal reflexes elicited by non-painful and painful electrical stimulation of the foot sole","volume":"112","author":"Andersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"47","article-title":"Le pied humain, organe de la posture orthostatique","volume":"294","author":"Villeneuve","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kinesither. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foisy, A., and Kapoula, Z. (2016). How plantar exteroceptive efficiency modulates postural and oculomotor control: Inter-individual variability. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00228"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Piera, J.B., Vial, D., Denis, A., and Doutaud, B. (1996). Utilisation clinique de l\u2019interposition de mousse sous les pieds. Podologie, Expansion Scientifique Fran\u00e7aise."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2019.04.023","article-title":"A conceptual model of the visual control of posture","volume":"248","author":"Bronstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170000166","article-title":"Spatial localisation: Does extraocular muscle proprioception play a role?","volume":"238","author":"Weir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.05.031","article-title":"Hindbrain modules differentially transform activity of single collicular neurons to coordinate movements","volume":"186","author":"Zahler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss105","article-title":"Effect of direct eye contact in PTSD related to interpersonal trauma: An fMRI study of activation of an innate alarm system","volume":"9","author":"Steuwe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.01.030","article-title":"Nociceptive responses of midbrain dopaminergic neurones are modulated by the superior colliculus in the rat","volume":"139","author":"Coizet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Leigh, R.J., and Zee, D.S. (2006). The Neurology of Eye Movements, Oxford University Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.489bw.x","article-title":"Neuronal activity in the lateral cerebellum of the cat related to visual stimuli at rest, visually guided step modification and saccadic eye movements","volume":"506","author":"Criado","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.03.054","article-title":"Differential responses of corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin 1 to acute pain stress in the rat brain","volume":"183","author":"Rouwette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890109115724","article-title":"The activation of urocortin immunoreactive neurons in the Einger-Westphal nucleus following stress in rats","volume":"4","author":"Kozicz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.043","article-title":"A multisensory perspective onto primate pulvinar functions","volume":"125","author":"Froesel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marini, D., Rubegni, G., Sarti, L., Rufa, A., Mandal\u00e0, M., Ferretti, F., Tosi, G.M., and Fruschelli, M. (2024). Effects on Posture of a Two-Diopter Horizontal Prism Base Out on the Non-Dominant Eye. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247847"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2017.10.002","article-title":"Measuring the heterophoria: Agreement between two methods in non-presbyopic and presbyopic patients","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"301","article-title":"The Practical Application and the Relative Value of the Tests Used in Examining the Eye Muscles","volume":"14","author":"Duane","year":"1905","journal-title":"Ann. Ophth. St Louis. Parker JH"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01067-9","article-title":"Vertical misalignment in unilateral sixth nerve palsy","volume":"109","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199507000-00008","article-title":"\u201cStarkfest\u201d vision and clinic science special issue effects of heterophoria on stereopsis","volume":"72","author":"Saladin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/11\/1\/74\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T18:01:45Z","timestamp":1771005705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/11\/1\/74"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk11010074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk11010074","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]}}}