{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T07:00:41Z","timestamp":1785308441383,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["F22B24000290005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F22B24000290005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Since specific bioelectrical reference values for Italian adults are lacking, this study aims to define specific values and test their suitability in pathological cases and athletes. Methods: A sample of 1049 Italian individuals (441 men, 608 women) aged 30\u201365 years was considered. Competitive athletes (bodybuilding, streetlifting and tennis) were identified within the general sample, and an independent group of individuals with obesity or anorexia nervosa was analyzed for comparison. Anthropometric (weight, kg; stature, mid-upper arm, waist and calf circumferences; cm) and bioelectrical (resistance and reactance, at 50 kHz) variables were taken. Resistivity, (Rsp, \u03a9cm), reactivity (Xcsp, \u03a9cm), impedivity (Zsp, \u03a9cm) and phase angle (PhA, \u00b0) were calculated. Two-way ANOVA and Hotelling\u2019s T2 test were applied to assess group differences. These data were then pooled with existing datasets to create a comprehensive reference for individuals aged 18 to 100 years. Results: The specific bioelectrical variables were: Rsp = 352.3 \u00b1 55.5, Xcsp = 41.8 \u00b1 9.1, PhA = 6.8 \u00b1 1.0, r (Rsp, Xcsp) = 0.67 (men); Rsp = 384.9 \u00b1 71.2, Xcsp = 40.7 \u00b1 9.4, PhA = 6.1 \u00b1 1.0, r (Rsp, Xcsp) = 0.72 (women). Men showed higher PhA values (p &lt; 0.001), reflecting higher muscle mass and quality, and shorter vectors (p &lt; 0.001), indicative of lower relative fat mass (FM%), than women. Advancing age was associated with lower PhA and longer vectors (p &lt; 0.001). Bioelectrical vectors of individuals with obesity or anorexia nervosa were outside the 95% variability, indicating abnormal values of FM%, whereas those of athletes fell within the lower left quadrant. Conclusions: The specific tolerance ellipses for the Italian adult population fill a gap in the existing literature, providing essential new tools for evaluating body composition in clinical and sports settings, and for comparative analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11010081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:15:35Z","timestamp":1771334135000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Specific Bioelectrical Vector Reference Values for Italian Adults: A Multicentre Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4568-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Frau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6028-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Pizzo Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Succa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6469-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Stagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4172-0310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Moro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8376-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Sguaizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Petri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.C.F. Fiorentina S.r.l., 50137 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0474-4229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Paoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8842-0354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Mascherini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6944-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Izzicupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5867-8074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Bertoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2546-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Gilardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Cavaggioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0747-1951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Cereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3028-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Campa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5948-7584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Micheletti Cremasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5478-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Toselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8779-8745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Marini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, C.J., and Racette, S.B. 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