{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T13:10:22Z","timestamp":1774444222540,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["18K10750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K10750"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Wrist\u2013forearm orthoses used during self-feeding may alter scapular and shoulder mechanics and increase proximal load, but this has not been quantified. Methods: Seventeen right-hand-dominant young adults performed a spoon-feeding task under free and restricted conditions. A thermoplastic wrist\u2013forearm orthosis positioned the wrist at approximately 30\u00b0 dorsiflexion at rest and was intended to constrain wrist motion during the task without rigidly immobilizing forearm pronation\u2013supination. Three-dimensional kinematics (scapula, shoulder, trunk, and distal joints) were recorded using inertial sensors, and surface electromyography was obtained from the upper trapezius, middle deltoid, and biceps brachii. Maximum joint angles and mean %MVC over the feeding cycle were compared between conditions (\u03b1 = 0.05). Results: The restriction condition resulted in a more anteriorly tilted and downwardly rotated scapular posture, greater shoulder abduction and external rotation, and increased thoracic flexion, whereas maximum distal joint angles did not differ, suggesting a functional distal constraint rather than rigid immobilization. Middle deltoid and biceps brachii activities increased significantly, with a nonsignificant trend toward higher upper trapezius activation. Conclusions: In healthy young adults, limited wrist motion and forearm rotation during spoon-feeding were associated with altered proximal coordination, including scapular, shoulder\/trunk, and proximal muscle changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11020135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T09:11:14Z","timestamp":1774429874000},"page":"135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Limited Wrist Motion and Forearm Rotation on Scapular Kinematics and Muscle Activity During Spoon-Feeding in Healthy Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5017-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noboru","family":"Chiba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Yamagata 990-2212, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convalescent Rehabilitation, Higashiosaka Hospital, Higashiosaka 536-0005, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Tsuruoka Kyoritsu Hospital, Tsuruoka 927-8567, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadayoshi","family":"Minamisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Yamagata 990-2212, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Occupational Therapy Association (2020). 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