{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:54:06Z","timestamp":1789602846918,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Blood flow restriction (BFR) training induces morphological and neuromuscular adaptations using low-intensity exercise (20\u201340% 1RM), offering a reduced mechanical load alternative to traditional high-load resistance training. Safe and effective implementation, however, requires a clear understanding of physiological mechanisms, contraindications, and pressure determination methodologies. In this three-part series, we provide a comprehensive review of BFR for athletic populations and provide strength and conditioning coaches with a structured framework for screening, safety, and methodological considerations to support BFR integration in high-performance settings. Methods: A narrative review of the literature examining BFR safety, contraindication screening, adverse event reporting, and occlusion pressure determination was conducted using a PubMed and MEDLINE search. Search terms included combinations of (\u201cblood flow restriction\u201d OR \u201cBFR\u201d OR \u201cocclusion training\u201d OR \u201cKAATSU\u201d) AND (\u201csafety\u201d OR \u201ccontraindications\u201d OR \u201crisk stratification\u201d) AND (\u201carterial occlusion pressure\u201d OR \u201climb occlusion pressure\u201d OR \u201cocclusion pressure\u201d OR \u201cDoppler\u201d OR \u201chandheld Doppler\u201d OR \u201cpulse oximetry\u201d OR \u201ccuff width\u201d OR \u201ccapillary refill time\u201d OR \u201cmonitoring\u201d). Studies examining contraindication screening systems, arterial occlusion pressure calculation methods, and real-time monitoring protocols were evaluated. Primary considerations included risk stratification frameworks, pressure determination accuracy, and control parameter validation for ensuring vascular safety during application. Results: Risk stratification systems can effectively identify absolute and relative contraindications requiring medical clearance prior to BFR use. Epidemiological data indicate that adverse events are transient and non-serious, while serious events appear rare when evidence-informed protocols are applied. Doppler-based assessment remains a criterion approach for determining inflation pressure, although validated estimation methods using limb circumference and systolic blood pressure offer a pragmatic and comparable alternative for applied environments. Inflation pressures of 50\u201380% arterial occlusion, adjusted for cuff width, produce effective and safe stimulus. Real-time monitoring through capillary refill time, pulse strength palpation, and skin coloration can support iterative pressure optimization and help identify excessive restriction pressures. Conclusions: BFR implementation in athletic populations requires systematic screening protocols, individualized inflation pressure determination using validated methods, and real-time monitoring parameters. These foundations provide the essential safety infrastructure required before progressing to specific training applications across resistance, cardiovascular, and other performance and rehabilitation modalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11020175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1777362576000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Blood Flow Restriction in Athletic Populations\u2014Part 1: Safety Considerations, and Methodological Frameworks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1243-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Gaviglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Psychological and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich 4305, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Health, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich 4305, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9677-0306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian J.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Discipline, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale 2350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5607-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Psychological and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich 4305, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Health, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich 4305, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0288-1","article-title":"Exercise with blood flow restriction: An updated evidence-based approach for enhanced muscular development","volume":"45","author":"Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01290.x","article-title":"Potential safety issues with blood flow restriction training","volume":"21","author":"Loenneke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. 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