{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:35:57Z","timestamp":1785404157109,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Charles University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UNCE24\/SSH\/012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNCE24\/SSH\/012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UNCE24\/SSH\/012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNCE24\/SSH\/012"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024d6js02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cooperation\u2014Sport Science Biomedical and Rehabilitation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study investigated bilateral strength asymmetry, the bilateral asymmetry index, and the bilateral deficit ratio during one-repetition maximum leg press testing performed under bilateral, unilateral, and split-load conditions and examined their associations with isokinetic knee and hip strength asymmetries. Methods: 31 resistance-trained males completed 1RM leg press tests in all loading modes, followed by isokinetic knee flexion\/extension and hip extension assessments at 60\u00b0\u00b7s\u22121. Results: The repeated measure ANOVA showed that split-load leg press had a significantly greater bilateral deficit ratio (14.29 \u00b1 7.71%) compared to the bilateral condition (5.16 \u00b1 9.60%, p &lt; 0.001). Isokinetic testing showed significant inter-limb differences for knee flexion and extension but not hip extension. The bilateral strength asymmetry varied across tasks (5.17 \u00b1 4.44% in leg press to 17.84 \u00b1 12.40% in eccentric hip extension), while bilateral asymmetry index remained consistently lower. Bilateral strength asymmetry differed significantly across leg press conditions, whereas the bilateral asymmetry index did not. Knee flexion bilateral asymmetry index correlated with dominant and non-dominant hamstring to quadriceps ratios (respectively, r = 0.61; r = 0.37) and cross-limb flexor\u2013extensor ratios (r = 0.42). No significant relationships were found for hip extension asymmetry. Conclusions: Split-load leg press might be used to test lower limb bilateral deficit, because it provides easily detectable deficit values. Unilateral leg press might be used to detect lateral strength differences, since it provides relation to isokinetic strength of knee flexors and extensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11020216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:06:56Z","timestamp":1780049216000},"page":"216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hip and Knee Bilateral Deficit Across Bilateral, Unilateral, and Split-Load Leg Press Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Pisz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dusan","family":"Blazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Track & Field and Outdoor Activities, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2841-374X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Stastny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Sport, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. Jerzego Kukuczki w Katowicach, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23259671231185586","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671231185586","article-title":"Predicting the Risk of Injuries Through Assessments of Asymmetric Lower Limb Functional Performance: A Prospective Study of 415 Youth Taekwondo Athletes","volume":"11","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14460","article-title":"Monitoring Lower Limb Biomechanical Asymmetry and Psychological Measures in Athletic Populations\u2014A Scoping Review","volume":"33","author":"Keogh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. 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