{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:23:38Z","timestamp":1785435818807,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Account of Research Grants of the University of Thessaly"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04v4g9h31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Knee proprioception is affected by many biomechanical and physiological factors. Often, during training, rehabilitation, or specific sport requirements, weight or pressure is applied to the foot. However, it is not clear if such applications affect knee proprioceptive acuity. This study examined whether the application of an external weight (3 kg) or of pressure (120 mmHg) at a level above the ankle joint would affect knee proprioception in an open kinematic chain movement in resting or fatigue conditions. Methods: Participants included active young men (n = 7) and women (n = 15), aged 21\u201334 years, without prior knee injury. Women were tested in their follicular phase. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to evaluate knee joint repositioning. Three knee angles were targeted (30\u00b0, 45\u00b0, 60\u00b0) before and after localized muscle fatigue. A three-way ANOVA analysis with repeated measures and one independent variable (gender) was performed. Results: Analysis showed that ankle weight application positively influenced knee joint proprioceptive acuity resulting in an overall reduction in knee joint angular error for both genders, with the \u201ccorrective\u201d effect most evident at 45\u00b0 and 60\u00b0 knee joint angles (p &lt; 0.05), whether in the rested or fatigued state. The application of pressure however improved knee proprioceptive performance in men (p &lt; 0.05), in both the rest and fatigue states, but not in women (ns tendency). Conclusions: Application of a small weight at the ankle level significantly improved proprioceptive knee joint acuity. These findings may have wider applicability by allowing the development of specific preventive measures towards safeguarding weaker and\/or less resilient players.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11030262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T16:56:55Z","timestamp":1782838615000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of External Lower Limb Weight or Pressure Application on Human Knee Joint Proprioception in Resting and Fatigue Conditions: A Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1122-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmina-Eleftheria","family":"Roditi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology Unit\u2014Center for Research and Evaluation of Human Performance, Department PE & Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-5764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Themistoklis","family":"Tsatalas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics and Ergonomics Unit\u2014Center for Research and Evaluation of Human Performance, Department PE & Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2462-995X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgos K.","family":"Sakkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lifestyle Medicine Unit\u2014Center for Research and Evaluation of Human Performance, Department PE & Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"},{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, Nicosia University, Nicosia CY-2417, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Giannopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology Unit\u2014Center for Research and Evaluation of Human Performance, Department PE & Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7065-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiannis","family":"Koutedakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology Unit\u2014Center for Research and Evaluation of Human Performance, Department PE & Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"},{"name":"Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9218-0114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giannis","family":"Giakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics and Ergonomics Unit\u2014Center for Research and Evaluation of Human Performance, Department PE & Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8266-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Karatzaferi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Physiology & Myology Unit\u2014Center for Research and Evaluation of Human Performance, Department PE & Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"},{"name":"Lifestyle Medicine Unit\u2014Center for Research and Evaluation of Human Performance, Department PE & Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2011","article-title":"The Proprioceptive Senses: Their Roles in Signaling Body Shape, Body Position and Movement, and Muscle Force","volume":"92","author":"Proske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. 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