{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T12:01:59Z","timestamp":1784635319348,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proprioception is traditionally defined as the perception of joint position and movement, yet contemporary evidence supports a broader view: a multimodal sensorimotor system integrating peripheral afferent input with central motor commands. Despite its recognised importance in rehabilitation and sport, conceptual and methodological inconsistencies persist regarding its definition, assessment and training, and interventions labelled proprioceptive are frequently indistinguishable from general neuromuscular or balance-based exercise. This narrative review, reported in accordance with the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA), critically analyses the current state of knowledge on proprioception and clarifies the concept of proprioceptive training. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus were searched from January 2000 to May 2025, combining \u201cproprioception\u201d, \u201ckinaesthesia\u201d, \u201cjoint position sense\u201d and \u201cforce sense\u201d with \u201cdefinition\u201d, \u201cassessment\u201d, \u201ctraining\u201d and \u201crehabilitation\u201d. Sources addressing conceptual foundations, assessment instruments, interventions explicitly labelled proprioceptive, or critical reviews were eligible, with no restriction of body region; studies on balance alone without proprioceptive measurement and non-peer-reviewed material were excluded. Of 1412 records screened, 119 informed the synthesis. Proprioception comprises distinct submodalities\u2014joint position sense, kinaesthesia and force sense\u2014mediated by specific receptors and pathways. Current tools isolate these under artificial conditions with limited ecological validity, and most interventions labelled proprioceptive induce general motor adaptations rather than genuine sensory ones. Submodality-specific operational definitions and ecologically valid assessment tools are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11030279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T02:32:08Z","timestamp":1784514728000},"page":"279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clarifying Proprioceptive Training: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9456-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nourali El Husseini","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de fisioterapia, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica del Suroeste de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1520-567X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan D.","family":"Ascuntar Viteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rendimiento F\u00edsico Deportivo (RFD), Grupo de Actividad F\u00edsica para la Salud (AFIS), Instituto Universitario de Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica y Deportes, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society\u2014DBSS International SAS, Bogot\u00e1 110311, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8964-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan D.","family":"Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rendimiento F\u00edsico Deportivo (RFD), Grupo de Actividad F\u00edsica para la Salud (AFIS), Instituto Universitario de Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica y Deportes, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society\u2014DBSS International SAS, Bogot\u00e1 110311, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Santiago","family":"Ospina-Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rendimiento F\u00edsico Deportivo (RFD), Grupo de Actividad F\u00edsica para la Salud (AFIS), Instituto Universitario de Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica y Deportes, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5806-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres F.","family":"Rodriguez-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rendimiento F\u00edsico Deportivo (RFD), Grupo de Actividad F\u00edsica para la Salud (AFIS), Instituto Universitario de Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica y Deportes, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8106-4143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Alvarez-Londo\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rendimiento F\u00edsico Deportivo (RFD), Grupo de Actividad F\u00edsica para la Salud (AFIS), Instituto Universitario de Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica y Deportes, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge M.","family":"Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rendimiento F\u00edsico Deportivo (RFD), Grupo de Actividad F\u00edsica para la Salud (AFIS), Instituto Universitario de Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica y Deportes, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society\u2014DBSS International SAS, Bogot\u00e1 110311, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0131-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A. Gomez","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rendimiento F\u00edsico Deportivo (RFD), Grupo de Actividad F\u00edsica para la Salud (AFIS), Instituto Universitario de Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica y Deportes, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateo","family":"Gomez-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rendimiento F\u00edsico Deportivo (RFD), Grupo de Actividad F\u00edsica para la Salud (AFIS), Instituto Universitario de Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica y Deportes, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2745-6660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Rojas-Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rendimiento F\u00edsico Deportivo (RFD), Grupo de Actividad F\u00edsica para la Salud (AFIS), Instituto Universitario de Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica y Deportes, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society\u2014DBSS International SAS, Bogot\u00e1 110311, Colombia"},{"name":"Research Group of Sciences Applied to Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boddice, R. (2023). Scientific and Medical Knowledge Production, 1796\u20131918: Volume III: Authority, Routledge. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003009405"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2011","article-title":"The Proprioceptive Senses: Their Roles in Signaling Body Shape, Body Position and Movement, and Muscle Force","volume":"92","author":"Proske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-024-02826-7","article-title":"Camillo Golgi\u2019s contributions to the anatomic basis of sensitivity in tendons","volume":"132","author":"Garbarino","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binder, M.D., Hirokawa, N., and Windhorst, U. (2009). Proprioception: Role of Cutaneous Receptors. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-29678-2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2021.03.003","article-title":"The roles of mechanoreceptors in muscle and skin in human proprioception","volume":"21","author":"Macefield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090399","article-title":"Proprioceptive Acuity Assessment via Joint Position Matching: From Basic Science to General Practice","volume":"90","author":"Goble","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00809.2021","article-title":"Proprioception: A new look at an old concept","volume":"132","author":"Butler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherrington, C.S. (1911). The Integrative Action of the Nervous System, Yale University Press.","DOI":"10.1037\/13798-000"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2021.02.003","article-title":"Proprioception revisited: Where do we stand?","volume":"21","author":"Shadrach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1139\/y88-073","article-title":"Proprioceptors and their contribution to somatosensory mapping; complex messages require complex processing","volume":"66","author":"Matthews","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-040122-081302","article-title":"Proprioception: A New Era Set in Motion by Emerging Genetic and Bionic Strategies?","volume":"85","author":"Marasco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106803","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.106803","article-title":"Functional and molecular insights into muscle proprioceptors","volume":"14","author":"Lallemend","year":"2025","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00075.2024","article-title":"Velocity dependence of sensory reweighting in human balance control","volume":"132","author":"Missen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Dong, S., Wang, Q., Liu, Z., Song, Q., and Shen, P. (2024). Deficits in proprioception and strength may contribute to the impaired postural stability among individuals with functional ankle instability. Front. Physiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1342636"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14250","article-title":"Intramuscular tendon length in agonist\u2013antagonist myoneural interface components in transtibial amputation: An anatomic study","volume":"248","author":"Witowski","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Petrelli, L., Fede, C., Biz, C., Incendi, D., Porzionato, A., Pirri, C., Zhao, X., and Stecco, C. (2025). Novel fascial mapping of muscle spindles distribution: Insights from a murine model study. Front. Physiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1571500"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, Y., Gao, Z., Yang, H., and Song, C. (2022). Influence of proprioceptive training based on ankle-foot robot on improving lower limbs function in patients after a stroke. Front. Neurorobot., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2022.969671"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malwanage, K.T., Liyanage, E., Weerasinghe, V., Antonypillai, C., and Nanayakkara, I. (2024). A novel proprioceptive rehabilitation program: A pilot randomized controlled trail as an approach to address proprioceptive deficits in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305055"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1113\/EP092739","article-title":"Improving coordination, proprioception, balance and motor proficiency in Down syndrome with developmental games","volume":"111","author":"Rezaee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/10538127251343399","article-title":"Does the degree of stenosis affect cervical proprioception in patients with cervical pain?","volume":"39","author":"Engin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Back. Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2025.2110740","article-title":"Ankle proprioception and the relationship to rigidity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"175","author":"Sertic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.90862","article-title":"Sensorimotor Dysfunction Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction- an Afferent Perspective: A Scoping Review","volume":"19","author":"Vitharana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.12.004","article-title":"The Effect of Proprioceptive Training on Hand Function and Activity Limitation After Open Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"105","author":"Ergen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002639","article-title":"Outcomes of Proprioceptive Training on Recovery After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2022.06.009","article-title":"Clinical effects of proprioceptive thumb exercise for individuals with carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Algar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.04.001","article-title":"The measurement of proprioceptive accuracy: A systematic literature review","volume":"12","author":"Ferentzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter, L., Huang, Q., Sertic, J.V.L., and Konczak, J. (2022). The Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training for Improving Motor Performance and Motor Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. Front. Rehabil. Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2022.830166"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz, O., Soylu, Y., Erkmen, N., Kaplan, T., and Batalik, L. (2024). Effects of proprioceptive training on sports performance: A systematic review. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-00936-z"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e049226","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049226","article-title":"Effects of neuromuscular training on knee proprioception in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament injury: A systematic review and GRADE evidence synthesis","volume":"11","author":"Arumugam","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2014.10.004","article-title":"Assessing proprioception: A critical review of methods","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.65.10.1265","article-title":"Multidisciplinary protocol for the management of fibromyalgia associated with imbalance. Our experience and literature review","volume":"65","author":"Chiaramonte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Chen, Y., Lou, T., and Shen, X. (2022). Correlation Between Proprioceptive Impairment and Motor Deficits After Stroke: A Meta-Analysis Review. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.688616"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023750","article-title":"Somatosensory Deficits After Ischemic Stroke: Time Course and Association with Infarct Location","volume":"50","author":"Kessner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2016.1219303","article-title":"Upper Extremity Proprioception After Stroke: Bridging the Gap Between Neuroscience and Rehabilitation","volume":"49","author":"Findlater","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010750","article-title":"Examining Differences in Patterns of Sensory and Motor Recovery After Stroke with Robotics","volume":"46","author":"Semrau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"CD006073","article-title":"Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke","volume":"11","author":"French","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.08.008","article-title":"Cognitive motor interference while walking: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Dawes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2021.1872129","article-title":"Cognitive-motor dual-task gait training within 3 years after stroke: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Plummer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"505","article-title":"The innervation of the knee joint. An anatomical and histological study in the cat","volume":"101","author":"Freeman","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA\u2014A scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Peer Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Kandel, E.R. (2013). Principles of Neural Science, McGraw-Hill Medical. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, C.M.L., Tommasino, P., Budhota, A., and Campolo, D. (2015). Upper Extremity Proprioception in Healthy Aging and Stroke Populations, and the Effects of Therapist- and Robot-Based Rehabilitation Therapies on Proprioceptive Function. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00120"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315573055","article-title":"Assessing Proprioception: A Systematic Review of Possibilities","volume":"29","author":"Hillier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2015.01.009","article-title":"Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 2: Clinical assessment and intervention","volume":"20","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2015.01.009","article-title":"Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 1: Basic science and principles of assessment and clinical interventions","volume":"20","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2023.10.010","article-title":"Effect of Kinesio taping on wrist proprioception in healthy subjects: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"37","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-020-00349-y","article-title":"Short-term effect of kinesiology taping on pain, functional disability and lumbar proprioception in individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain: A double-blinded, randomized trial","volume":"28","author":"Abbasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chiropr. Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842804","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/842804","article-title":"The Role of Ankle Proprioception for Balance Control in relation to Sports Performance and Injury","volume":"2015","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.11.013","article-title":"Level of competitive success achieved by elite athletes and multi-joint proprioceptive ability","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.08.024","article-title":"Optimizing ankle performance when taped: Effects of kinesiology and athletic taping on proprioception in full weight-bearing stance","volume":"20","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.03.007","article-title":"The effect of neoprene shorts on leg proprioception in Australian football players","volume":"11","author":"Cameron","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.11.16","article-title":"Proprioceptive Training for the Prevention of Ankle Sprains: An Evidence-Based Review","volume":"52","author":"Rivera","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1260\/1747-9541.9.1.1","article-title":"John R. Wooden, Stephen R. Covey and Servant Leadership","volume":"9","author":"Jenkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2023.06.005","article-title":"Prevention versus risk reduction or mitigation: Why create unnecessary battles?","volume":"26","author":"Shrier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2023.04.005","article-title":"Effects of eight week core stability training on stable- and unstable-surface on ankle muscular strength, proprioception, and dorsiflexion in athletes with chronic ankle instability","volume":"34","author":"Alizamani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.08.015","article-title":"Short-term and long-term effects of ankle joint taping and bandaging on balance, proprioception and vertical jump among volleyball players with chronic ankle instability","volume":"46","author":"Alawna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.04.016","article-title":"The effect of a patellar strap on knee joint proprioception in healthy participants and athletes with patellar tendinopathy","volume":"19","author":"Diercks","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.09.004","article-title":"A pilot study of the effect of Kinesiology tape on knee proprioception after physical activity in healthy women","volume":"18","author":"Hosp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2021.04.009","article-title":"Kinesiology tape length and ankle inversion proprioception at step-down landing in individuals with chronic ankle instability","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2022.02.006","article-title":"Effects of graduated compression socks on ankle inversion proprioception of half-marathon runners at different running distances","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"151","article-title":"Efectos del kinesiotape sobre el tono y la fuerza muscular","volume":"5","author":"Blanco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revisi\u00f3n Sist. Sport Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"257","article-title":"Revisi\u00f3n bibliogr\u00e1fica sobre los efectos del kinesiotaping","volume":"2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Sanit. Investig."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2022.04.001","article-title":"What is the effect of ankle disk training and taping on proprioception deficit after lateral ankle sprains among active populations?\u2014A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Otsuka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.03.008","article-title":"The effect of ankle taping or bracing on proprioception in functional ankle instability: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Raymond","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biz, C., Nicoletti, P., Tomasin, M., Bragazzi, N.L., Di Rubbo, G., and Ruggieri, P. (2022). Is Kinesio Taping Effective for Sport Performance and Ankle Function of Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI)? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58050620"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1530\/EOR-23-0129","article-title":"Effectiveness of functional or biomechanical bandages with athletic taping and kinesiotaping in subjects with chronic ankle instability: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez Badillo, J.J., and Ribas-Serna, J. (2002). Bases de la Programaci\u00f3n del Entrenamiento de Fuerza, INDE Publicaciones. Available online: https:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/libro?codigo=199644."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2006.11.004","article-title":"Effects of patellar taping on knee joint proprioception in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Callaghan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02126-w","article-title":"From Tissue to System: What Constitutes an Appropriate Response to Loading?","volume":"55","author":"Gabbett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"71","article-title":"The sensorimotor system, part I: The physiologic basis of functional joint stability","volume":"37","author":"Riemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-010-1237-7","article-title":"Proprioception following partial meniscectomy in stable knees","volume":"19","author":"Shepstone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v9.i3.59","article-title":"Patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrate proprioceptive deficit in the knee","volume":"9","author":"Ettinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2015.1116822","article-title":"Somatosensory deficits after stroke: A scoping review","volume":"23","author":"Kessner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"130","article-title":"The Investigation of the Effect of Proprioceptive Training on Balance in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain","volume":"30","author":"Duray","year":"2018","journal-title":"A\u011fr\u0131-J. Turk. Soc. Algol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2021.101439","article-title":"Acute effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercises on the postural strategy in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"44","author":"Sipko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2150","article-title":"Effects of early whole-body vibration treatment on knee neuromuscular function and postural control after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Pistone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2034-2","article-title":"Comparison between Nintendo Wii Fit and conventional rehabilitation on functional performance outcomes after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Baltaci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.038554","article-title":"A comparative study of whole body vibration training and conventional training on knee proprioception and postural stability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"42","author":"Moezy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n4p68","article-title":"The Effects of Balance Training on Static and Dynamic Postural Stability Indices After Acute ACL Reconstruction","volume":"8","author":"Akbari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2021.04.017","article-title":"Effects of proprioceptive exercises and strengthening on pain and functionality for patellofemoral pain syndrome in women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Barin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49335-3","article-title":"Effects of proprioception and core stability training on gait parameters of deaf adolescents: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Zarei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/15438620500222547","article-title":"A Randomised Controlled Trial of Proprioceptive and Balance Training after Surgical Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament","volume":"13","author":"Cooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-2008-21403","article-title":"Effects of a balance training protocol on knee joint proprioception after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"21","author":"Vathrakokilis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Back. Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1271696","article-title":"Pre-Surgical Sensorimotor Training for Patients Undergoing Total Hip Replacement: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"32","author":"Bitterli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2010.05.012","article-title":"Preoperative proprioceptive training in patients with total knee arthroplasty","volume":"18","author":"Gstoettner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huber, E.O., Roos, E.M., Meichtry, A., De Bie, R.A., and Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A. (2015). Effect of preoperative neuromuscular training (NEMEX-TJR) on functional outcome after total knee replacement: An assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0556-8"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050312115570769","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312115570769","article-title":"Effectiveness of balance exercises in the acute post-operative phase following total hip and knee arthroplasty: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Jogi","year":"2015","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513476722","article-title":"Effects of balance training on functional outcome after total knee replacement in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090150","article-title":"A Balance Exercise Program Appears to Improve Function for Patients with Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"90","author":"Piva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-203135","article-title":"Postoperative effects of neuromuscular exercise prior to hip or knee arthroplasty: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"73","author":"Villadsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-140553","article-title":"The effect of proprioception exercises on functional status in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"28","author":"Ordahan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Back. Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060041","article-title":"Neuromuscular Training Versus Strength Training During First 6 Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"87","author":"Risberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694695","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1694695","article-title":"Effects on Lower Extremity Neuromuscular Control Exercises on Knee Proprioception, Muscle Strength, and Functional Level in Patients with ACL Reconstruction","volume":"2019","author":"Kaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Q.-y., Sun, J.-n., Wang, R.-s., Ma, Y.-r., and Chen, P. (2025). Does proprioceptive training improve joint function and psychological readiness in patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? A randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08621-z"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u0105kowski, P., Ciemniewska-Gorzela, K., B\u0105kowska-\u017bywicka, K., Sto\u0142owski, \u0141., and Piontek, T. (2021). Similar Outcomes and Satisfaction of the Proprioceptive versus Standard Training on the Knee Function and Proprioception, Following the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11083494"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"289","article-title":"Proprioception recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Isokinetic versus dynamic exercises","volume":"52","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scr. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"30","article-title":"Use of proprioception during knee rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"16","author":"Rexha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-181237","article-title":"Isokinetic knee strength and proprioception before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A comparison between home-based and supervised rehabilitation","volume":"32","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Back. Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2008.10.001","article-title":"Posture, dynamic stability, and voluntary movement","volume":"38","author":"Bouisset","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayyadi, P., Minoonejad, H., Seidi, F., Shikhhoseini, R., and Arghadeh, R. (2024). The effectiveness of fatigue on repositioning sense of lower extremities: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-00820-w"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadjisavvas, S., Efstathiou, M.A., Themistocleous, I.C., Daskalaki, K., Malliou, P., Giannaki, C.D., Lewis, J., and Stefanakis, M. (2024). Effect of concentric exercise-induced fatigue on proprioception, motor control and performance of the upper limb in handball players. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315103"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2020.12.009","article-title":"Neuromapping of the Capsuloligamentous Knee Joint Structures","volume":"3","author":"Seitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthrosc. Sports Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01058-0","article-title":"Principles of Motor Learning to Support Neuroplasticity After ACL Injury: Implications for Optimizing Performance and Reducing Risk of Second ACL Injury","volume":"49","author":"Gokeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3112","article-title":"Principles of sensorimotor learning","volume":"12","author":"Wolpert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"1","article-title":"Brain-Behavior Mechanisms for the Transfer of Neuromuscular Training Adaptions to Simulated Sport: Initial Findings from the Train the Brain Project","volume":"27","author":"Grooms","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2023.11489","article-title":"Combining Neurocognitive and Functional Tests to Improve Return-to-Sport Decisions Following ACL Reconstruction","volume":"53","author":"Grooms","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2022.09.005","article-title":"Proprioceptive exercises and their role in improving static and dynamic joint stability in ankle sprains in handball players","volume":"38","author":"Antohea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.105157","article-title":"Neuromuscular training improves knee proprioception in athletes with a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"80","author":"Ghaderi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gidu, D.V., Badau, D., Stoica, M., Aron, A., Focan, G., Monea, D., Stoica, A.M., and Calota, N.D. (2022). The Effects of Proprioceptive Training on Balance, Strength, Agility and Dribbling in Adolescent Male Soccer Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042028"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541221097857","article-title":"The effect of proprioceptive training on technical soccer skills in female soccer","volume":"18","author":"Souglis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harry-Leite, P., Paquete, M., Teixeira, J., Santos, M., Sousa, J., Fraiz-Brea, J.A., and Ribeiro, F. (2022). Acute Impact of Proprioceptive Exercise on Proprioception and Balance in Athletes. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12020830"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antohe, B.A., and Panaet, E.A. (2024). The Effects of Proprioceptive Exercises on Postural Control in Handball Players with Chronic Ankle Instability\u2014A Non-Randomized Control Trial. Sports, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12110304"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.17309\/tmfv.2023.1.03","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Six-Week Balance Training with Perturbation Intervention in Enhancing Dynamic Balance of Basketball Players","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Theory Methodol."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"137","article-title":"Enhacement of swimming kinematics and performance through proprioception","volume":"67","author":"Pop","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stud. Univ. Babe\u015f-Bolyai Educ. Artis. Gymnast."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"165","article-title":"Compare the effect of motor control exercises and PNF exercises on postural control strength endurance and proprioception in women with chronic nonspecific low back pain","volume":"13","author":"Karkamandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sport Sci. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-41-19","article-title":"Four-Week Ankle-Rehabilitation Programs in Adolescent Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability","volume":"55","author":"Cain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.M., Estudillo-Mart\u00ednez, M.D., Castellote-Caballero, Y., Estepa-Gallego, A., and Cruz-D\u00edaz, D. (2021). Short-Term Effects of Balance Training with Stroboscopic Vision for Patients with Chronic Ankle Instability: A Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105364"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-547-16","article-title":"Whole-Body\u2013Vibration Training and Balance in Recreational Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability","volume":"53","author":"Esteban","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, W.D., Chen, S., and Tsou, Y.A. (2021). Effects of Whole-Body Vibration and Balance Training on Female Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112380"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1398645","article-title":"Effects of 6 Weeks of Balance Training on Chronic Ankle Instability in Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"36","author":"Contreras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2015-0045","article-title":"Effects of a 4-Week Biomechanical Ankle Platform System Protocol on Balance in High School Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability","volume":"26","author":"Cain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-385-16","article-title":"Balance- and Strength-Training Protocols to Improve Chronic Ankle Instability Deficits, Part I: Assessing Clinical Outcome Measures","volume":"53","author":"Hall","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000191","article-title":"Wobble Board Rehabilitation for Improving Balance in Ankles with Chronic Instability","volume":"26","author":"Linens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31817e0f92","article-title":"Balance Training Improves Function and Postural Control in Those with Chronic Ankle Instability","volume":"40","author":"Mckeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.M., Estepa-Gallego, A., Estudillo-Mart\u00ednez, M.D., Castellote-Caballero, Y., and Cruz-D\u00edaz, D. (2022). Comparative Effects of Neuromuscular- and Strength-Training Protocols on Pathomechanical, Sensory-Perceptual, and Motor-Behavioral Impairments in Patients with Chronic Ankle Instability: Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10081364"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2015-0189","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Rehabilitation Efficacy in Chronic Ankle Instability","volume":"26","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"519","article-title":"Effects of Innovative Aquatic Proprioceptive Training on Knee Proprioception in Athletes with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"9","author":"Hajouj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2019.1681040","article-title":"Effects of backward walking on knee proprioception after ACL reconstruction","volume":"37","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pzab067","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab067","article-title":"Effects of Dual-Task Gait Treadmill Training on Gait Ability, Dual-Task Interference, and Fall Efficacy in People with Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"101","author":"Baek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/11\/3\/279\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:16:38Z","timestamp":1784632598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/11\/3\/279"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk11030279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk11030279","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]}}}