{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:53:41Z","timestamp":1785434021432,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds by FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/04045\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04045\/2025"]}]},{"name":"National Funds by FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/PRR\/04045\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PRR\/04045\/2025"]}]},{"name":"National Funds by FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/PRR2\/04045\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PRR2\/04045\/2025"]}]},{"award":["UID\/04045\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04045\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UID\/PRR\/04045\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PRR\/04045\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UID\/PRR2\/04045\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PRR2\/04045\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol.","JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of three different warm-up protocols on performance, physiological, and perceptual responses in high-level water polo players. Methods: Ten international-level athletes (Tier 4; mean \u00b1 SD: age 22.4 \u00b1 3.53 years; height 1.78 \u00b1 0.06 m; body mass 75.83 \u00b1 6.44 kg) completed three experimental conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced design: dryland, in-water, and combined warm-up. Following each warm-up condition, participants performed the Water Polo Intermittent Shuttle Test (WIST), while performance (distance covered and average speed), blood lactate concentration ([La\u2212]), heart rate (HR), tympanic temperature, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed. Statistical significance was set at p \u2264 0.05. Results: Players covered greater distances following the in-water (331.5 \u00b1 151.24 m) and combined (358.5 \u00b1 134.06 m) warm-ups compared to dryland (226.5 \u00b1 129.51 m; p &lt; 0.01; ES = 2.00 and 1.53, respectively), with no significant differences between in-water and combined conditions (p = 0.381; ES = 0.29). Physiological responses following the WIST were largely similar between conditions, although [La\u2212] was higher in the dryland condition (12.46 \u00b1 4.46 mmol\u00b7L\u22121) compared to the combined condition at 10 min post-exercise (8.66 \u00b1 2.47 mmol\u00b7L\u22121; p = 0.03; ES = 0.80). No differences were found for HR, tympanic temperature, or RPE. Conclusions: These findings suggest that warm-up protocols including an in-water component are more effective than dryland-only routines for optimizing intermittent performance in water polo players. However, combining dryland and in-water exercises does not appear to provide additional benefits compared to in-water warm-up alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11030297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:52:01Z","timestamp":1785228721000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Different Warm-Up Strategies on Intermittent Performance and Physiological Responses in High-Level Water Polo Players"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8549-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o N. A.","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2351-3047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1495-9039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds B.","family":"Fa\u00edl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0059-2873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Papadimitriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Sindos, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Metropolitan College, Thessaloniki Campus, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9283-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique P.","family":"Neiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333070-00002","article-title":"Warm Up II: Performance Changes Following Active Warm Up and How to Structure the Warm Up","volume":"33","author":"Bishop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.6.677","article-title":"Preconditioning Strategies to Enhance Physical Performance on the Day of Competition","volume":"8","author":"Kilduff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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