{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:17:48Z","timestamp":1788171468120,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol.","JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Subjective autoregulation methods are gaining interest among resistance-trained athletes. In particular, velocity perception (PV) and velocity loss perception (PVL) have shown promising practical applicability. This study aimed to investigate the temporal stability of PV and PVL across an eight-week period. Methods: Fifteen participants, after sessions of familiarization with PV and PVL, completed three test sessions: the first 48 h after the familiarization, and the others 4 and 8 weeks later. Each test session included five sets of back squats with light (55%\u201360%\u201365% 1RM) and heavy (75%\u201385% 1RM) loads. Light loads were executed with a 10\u201320\u201330%VL, while heavy loads with a 10\u201320%VL. PV accuracy was assessed using the |DeltaScore|, defined as the absolute difference between perceived velocity (Vp) and the velocity provided by the encoder (Vr): |DeltaScore| = |Vp \u2212 Vr|. PVL was measured by the |Vscore|, defined as the absolute difference between the number of repetitions perceived as correct relative to the target %VL (Np) and the repetitions that actually met it (Nr): |Vscore| = |Np \u2212 Nr|. Results: The results demonstrated that both PV and PVL are stable after 4 weeks at all loads and %VL (p &gt; 0.05). In contrast, after 8 weeks, PV accuracy significantly decreased at all loads (p &lt; 0.05; \u03b72p = 0.04), whereas PVL accuracy decreased only at light loads (p &lt; 0.05; \u03b72p = 0.18). Moreover, PV error values remained below the previously suggested acceptability threshold of 0.09 m\u00b7s\u22121 for up to 4 weeks. This error threshold corresponds to a load variation of ~10% 1RM in the back squat. Conclusions: The present results support the applicability of PV and PVL in real training contexts for a maximum of 4 weeks when monitoring devices are unavailable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11030345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:21:19Z","timestamp":1788168079000},"page":"345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal Stability and Practical Applicability of Velocity and Velocity-Loss Perception in Back Squat over Eight Weeks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7963-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gramazio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, Piazza L. De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7789-9806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Dello Stritto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, Piazza L. De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3114-4600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruggero","family":"Romagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Via Isimbardi, 10, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1927-7478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Piacentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, Piazza L. De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000121945.36635.61","article-title":"Fundamentals of Resistance Training: Progression and Exercise Prescription","volume":"36","author":"Kraemer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181915670","article-title":"Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults","volume":"41","author":"Ratamess","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. 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