{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:17:54Z","timestamp":1788585474783,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008351","name":"Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008351","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02njbw696","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol.","JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Running-related musculoskeletal injuries remain highly prevalent among recreational runners, and the absence of population-specific biomechanical reference values limits clinical and sports interpretation in Latin American populations. This study aimed to establish reference values for spatiotemporal and selected running kinematic\/mechanical values (initial contact angle, vertical leg stiffness, and vertical oscillation) in healthy adult recreational runners from Barranquilla (Colombia) using three-dimensional motion capture. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 25 healthy adults (13 men, 12 women; mean age 32.7 \u00b1 7.4 years, range 20\u201347 years). Running biomechanics were assessed using a BTS SMART-DX three-dimensional motion capture system and a Modified Helen Hayes marker model with 30 reflective markers. Participants completed treadmill running trials at 7, 9, 11, and 13 km\/h. Key spatiotemporal parameters and global kinematic\/mechanical metrics were processed using BTS Smart Clinic software. Reference values were defined using the 10th and 90th percentiles, stratified by sex and running speed, and accompanied by bootstrap 95% confidence intervals. Effects of sex and speed were tested by two-way ANOVA with partial eta squared and Holm-adjusted p values, with a linear mixed-effects model as a robustness check. Results: Motorized treadmill-specific biomechanical reference values (10th and 90th percentiles) were established and stratified strictly by running speed (7, 9, 11, and 13 km\/h) and sex. Under the primary linear mixed-effects model, running speed significantly affected all ten evaluated biomechanical variables (all adjusted p &lt; 0.001), including initial contact angle and vertical oscillation, confirming that speed-disaggregated estimates are mandatory for clinical interpretation. Conversely, sex effects were robust to multiplicity adjustment only for flight time and vertical leg stiffness. Compared with a European reference cohort, and after adjustment for sex, age, stature, body mass and speed through the published reference equations, this cohort showed a 6.6% shorter flight time, a 19.0% lower vertical oscillation, a 3.8% shorter stride length, and a 3.1% higher cadence. Conclusions: This study provides the preliminary regional reference database for running spatiotemporal and selected kinematic parameters in a cohort of healthy adult recreational runners from Barranquilla (Colombia). These preliminary values provide a baseline restricted to motorized treadmill running at fixed speeds; while they support standardized treadmill screening and rehabilitation tracking, their direct applicability to overground or self-paced running remains limited and warrants caution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11030350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:10:33Z","timestamp":1788430233000},"page":"350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Establishment of Reference Values for Selected Spatiotemporal and Kinematic Running Parameters in Healthy Adult Recreational Runners from Barranquilla, Colombia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3958-291X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enso","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Analysis Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Program, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 08001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Mu\u00e9vete Caribe, Physiotherapy Program, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 08001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4170-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Polo-Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology\/AudaciA Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Physical Therapy Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 08001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technologies Department, Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria de Barranquilla, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Otto","family":"Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIMYP Research Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Km 5 V\u00eda Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6631-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Sanjuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIMYP Research Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Km 5 V\u00eda Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.33545\/26647559.2022.v4.i2a.196","article-title":"Biomechanics of running: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Dalal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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