{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:18:02Z","timestamp":1788434282218,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol.","JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The aim was to investigate the stride-by-stride development of spatiotemporal parameters, joint kinematics, kinetics, and electromyographic (EMG) activity during a 50 m sprint, providing a comprehensive analysis of the biomechanical and neuromuscular changes throughout the entire sprint. Methods: Fifteen male sprinters (age 20.5 \u00b1 1.3 years, body mass 66.8 \u00b1 4.5 kg, body height 1.74 \u00b1 0.06 m, 100 m personal best: 11.24 \u00b1 0.34 s) performed a 50 m sprint, while the spatiotemporal parameters, joint kinematics, kinetics, and EMG activity of nine muscles were measured. Results: The main findings were that the 50 m sprint could be divided into three phases: initial acceleration, transition and maximal velocity and involve tightly coordinated changes across multiple biomechanical domains. The initial acceleration (the first 3\u20135 strides) was dominated by rapid increases in stride frequency, rapid changes in joint angles, and rising EMG activity in key muscles. In the transition phase (up to ~30\u201335 m), continued increases in stride length, decreasing contact time, and stabilization of kinematics and EMG activity were the main characteristics. In the maximal-velocity phase, a plateau in velocity, increased flight time, greater reliance on vertical force (an increase in vertical force relative to the horizontal forces), and stabilized neuromuscular patterns were observed. Conclusion: The phased progression supports contemporary biomechanical models of sprinting and emphasizes the importance of both mechanical and neuromuscular efficiency in achieving optimal sprint performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11030352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:10:33Z","timestamp":1788430233000},"page":"352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Development of Joint Kinematics, Kinetics and Electromyography Activity over 50 m Sprints in Experienced Sprinters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4481-4490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland van den","family":"Tillaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, Nord University, 7600 Levanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2303-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Gleadhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8156-243X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9101-9759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryu","family":"Nagahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya 891-2393, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199213060-00002","article-title":"Biomechanics of sprint running: A review","volume":"13","author":"Mero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2379-8","article-title":"Mechanical determinants of 100-m sprint running performance","volume":"112","author":"Morin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000113664.15777.53","article-title":"Interaction of step length and step rate during sprint running","volume":"36","author":"Hunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1363252","article-title":"Association of acceleration with spatiotemporal variables in maximal sprinting","volume":"35","author":"Nagahara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140701489728","article-title":"Differences in technique between sprinters and distance runners at equal and maximal speeds","volume":"6","author":"Bushnell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.07.041","article-title":"Body position determines propulsive forces in accelerated running","volume":"43","author":"Kugler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ad3448","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic comparisons of elite and well-trained sprinters during sprint start","volume":"24","author":"Slawinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12389","article-title":"Sprint mechanics in world-class athletes: A new insight into the limits of human locomotion","volume":"25","author":"Rabita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2018.1473479","article-title":"Phase analysis in maximal sprinting: An investigation of step-to-step technical changes between the initial acceleration, transition and maximal velocity phases","volume":"19","author":"Irwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1991","article-title":"Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements","volume":"89","author":"Weyand","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318216ea37","article-title":"Technical ability of force application as a determinant factor of sprint performance","volume":"43","author":"Morin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.849000","article-title":"Lower limb joint kinetics during the first stance phase in athletics sprinting: Three elite athlete case studies","volume":"32","author":"Bezodis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318236a3d2","article-title":"Mechanics of the human hamstring muscles during sprinting","volume":"44","author":"Schache","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.973913","article-title":"Relationship between the peak time of hamstring stretch and activation during sprinting","volume":"16","author":"Higashihara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1980.10605202","article-title":"A kinetic analysis of the ground leg during sprint running","volume":"51","author":"Mann","year":"1980","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00064.x","article-title":"Amplitude and timing of electromyographic activity during sprinting","volume":"6","author":"Ericson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00174.2014","article-title":"Are running speeds maximized with simple-spring stance mechanics?","volume":"117","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Reyes, P., van den Tillaar, R., Casta\u00f1o-Zambudio, A., Gleadhill, S., and Nagahara, R. (2024). Understanding sprint phase-specific training stimuli: A cluster analysis approach to overload conditions. Front. Sports Act. Living, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1510379"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Tillaar, R., Nagahara, R., Gleadhill, S., and Jim\u00e9nez-Reyes, P. (2021). Step-to-step kinematic validation between an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) 3D system, a combined Laser+ IMU system and force plates during a 50 M sprint in a cohort of sprinters. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196560"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nygaard Falch, H., Guldteig R\u00e6derg\u00e5rd, H., and van den Tillaar, R. (2020). Relationship of performance measures and muscle activity between a 180\u00b0 change of direction task and different countermovement jumps. Sports, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8040047"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1856463","article-title":"Effect of active resisted 30 m sprints upon step and joint kinematics and muscle activity in experienced male and female sprinters","volume":"39","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"256","article-title":"Kinetic and kinematic changes during resisted sprinting due to towing three common parachute sizes","volume":"63","author":"Gleadhill","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-106191","article-title":"Association of step width with accelerated sprinting performance and ground reaction force","volume":"38","author":"Nagahara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110685","article-title":"Ratio of forces during sprint acceleration: A comparison of different calculation methods","volume":"127","author":"Bezodis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.07.009","article-title":"Acceleration capability in elite sprinters and ground impulse: Push more, brake less?","volume":"48","author":"Morin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","article-title":"Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures","volume":"10","author":"Hermens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2014-0007","article-title":"Effect of fatigue upon performance and electromyographic activity in 6-RM bench press","volume":"40","author":"Saeterbakken","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2011.03.009","article-title":"Alternative methods of normalising EMG during running","volume":"21","author":"Tucker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.29.5.600","article-title":"Electromyography normalization methods for high-velocity muscle actions: Review and recommendations","volume":"29","author":"Ball","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Fuentes, I., and van den Tillaar, R. (2022). Relationship between step-by-step foot kinematics and sprint performance. Int. J. Environ. Eesearch Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116786"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Mann, R.V., and Murphy, A. (2022). The Mechanics of Sprinting and Hurdling, Amazon Fulfillment."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.28.6.718","article-title":"Muscle preactivation control: Simulation of ankle joint adjustments at touchdown during running on uneven ground","volume":"28","author":"Siebert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2713-9","article-title":"Stretch and activation of the human biarticular hamstrings across a range of running speeds","volume":"113","author":"Schache","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000150078.79120.C8","article-title":"Hamstring muscle kinematics during treadmill sprinting","volume":"37","author":"Thelen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(97)00038-6","article-title":"The biomechanics of running","volume":"7","author":"Novacheck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13884","article-title":"Alterations of spatiotemporal and ground reaction force variables during decelerated sprinting","volume":"31","author":"Nagahara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/11\/3\/352\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:42:52Z","timestamp":1788432172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/11\/3\/352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk11030352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk11030352","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]}}}