{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:08:53Z","timestamp":1788944933861,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol.","JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Upper-extremity strength is considered an important contributor to badminton stroke performance; however, the independent contributions of specific muscle groups to shuttlecock velocity in young players remain unclear. This study investigated the associations between segmental upper-extremity isometric strength and shuttlecock velocity in young badminton players. Methods: Twenty-four competitive U11 badminton players (12 males and 12 females; mean age, 10 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Handgrip and segmental upper-extremity isometric strength (elbow, shoulder, and wrist muscle groups) were assessed using dynamometry. Shuttlecock velocity during a badminton smash was measured using a radar gun. Results: Shuttlecock velocity was positively correlated with all measured upper-extremity strength variables (r = 0.408\u20130.704, all p &lt; 0.05). After adjustment for sex and upper-limb length, only shoulder extension (r = 0.529, p = 0.011), shoulder flexion (r = 0.557, p = 0.007), shoulder external rotation (r = 0.430, p = 0.046), and shoulder internal rotation strength (r = 0.495, p = 0.019) remained significantly associated with shuttlecock velocity. Multiple regression analyses confirmed these shoulder-specific strength measures as independent predictors of shuttlecock velocity (\u03b2 = 0.343\u20130.468, all p &lt; 0.05), explaining 57.2\u201363.8% of the adjusted variance. Conclusions: Although shuttlecock velocity was initially associated with all upper-extremity strength measures, only shoulder-specific strength remained associated with performance after adjustment for sex and upper-limb length. These exploratory findings suggest that shoulder strength may represent a relevant physical correlate of badminton smash performance in young athletes; however, confirmation in larger, adequately powered studies is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11030360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T08:05:43Z","timestamp":1788941143000},"page":"360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations Between Segmental Upper-Extremity Isometric Strength and Shuttlecock Velocity in Young Badminton Players"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0439-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yalcin","family":"Aydin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya 44900, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Varol","family":"Tutal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya 44900, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fatma Beyza","family":"Bilgic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Batman University, Batman 72100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Asl\u0131","family":"Ceyhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malatya Provincial Directorate of Youth and Sports, Malatya 44100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Eda","family":"Bayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8364-6832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00edntia","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7552-367X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahri Safa","family":"Cinarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement and Training Science, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2014.931550","article-title":"Shuttlecock velocity during a smash stroke in badminton evolves linearly with skill level","volume":"17","author":"Phomsoupha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. 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