{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:22:30Z","timestamp":1789788150114,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1): Heart rate performance curve (HRPC) in incremental exercise was shown to be not uniform, causing false intensity estimation applying percentages of maximal heart rate (HRmax). HRPC variations are mediated by \u03b2-adrenergic receptor sensitivity. The aim was to study age and sex dependent differences in HRPC patterns in adults with \u03b2-blocker treatment (BB) and healthy controls (C). (2): A total of 535 (102 female) BB individuals were matched 1:1 for age and sex (male 59 \u00b1 11 yrs, female 61 \u00b1 11 yrs) in C. From the maximum incremental cycle ergometer exercise a first and second heart rate (HR) threshold (Th1 and Th2) was determined. Based on the degree of the deflection (kHR), HRPCs were categorized as regular (downward deflection (kHR &gt; 0.1)) and non-regular (upward deflection (kHR &lt; 0.1), linear time course). (3): Logistic regression analysis revealed a higher odds ratio to present a non-regular curve in BB compared to C (females showed three times higher odds). The odds for non-regular HRPC in BB versus C decreased with older age (OR interaction = 0.97, CI = 0.94\u20130.99). Maximal and submaximal performance and HR variables were significantly lower in BB (p &lt; 0.05). %HRmax was significantly lower in BB versus C at Th2 (male: 77.2 \u00b1 7.3% vs. 80.8 \u00b1 5.0%; female: 79.2 \u00b1 5.1% vs. 84.0 \u00b1 4.3%). %Pmax at Th2 was similar in BB and C. (4): The HRPC pattern in incremental cycle ergometer exercise is different in individuals receiving \u03b2-blocker treatment compared to healthy individuals. The effects were also dependent on age and sex. Relative HR values at Th2 varied substantially depending on treatment. Thus, the percentage of Pmax seems to be a stable and independent indicator for exercise intensity prescription.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk6030061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T22:25:31Z","timestamp":1626215131000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pattern of the Heart Rate Performance Curve in Subjects with Beta-Blocker Treatment and Healthy Controls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Birnbaumer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport & Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heimo","family":"Traninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZARG Centre for Outpatient Rehabilitation, 8021 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo C.","family":"Sattler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport & Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2966-253X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Borenich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production and Operations Management, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4836-1238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport & Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)60548-X","article-title":"Exercise Training and Cardiac Rehabilitation in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"84","author":"Lavie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. 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