{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:01:03Z","timestamp":1787320863393,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synovial fluid (SF) is a viscous and mucinous substance produced by the synovium, a specialized connective tissue that lines diarthrodial joints. SF represents a source of disease-related proteins that could be used as potential biomarkers in several articular diseases. Based on these findings the study of SF has been gaining increasing importance, in recent years. This review aims to summarize the usefulness of synovial fluid in orthopaedics research and clinical practice, mainly focusing on osteoarthritis (OA) and periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Proteomics of the SF has shown the up-regulation of several components of the classic complement pathway in OA samples, including C1, C2, C3, C4A, C4B, C5, and C4 C4BPA, thus depicting that complement is involved in the pathogenesis of OA. Moreover, proteomics has demonstrated that some pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18, have a role in OA. Several SF proteins have been studied to improve the diagnosis of PJIs, including alpha-defensin (Alpha-D), leukocyte esterase (LE), c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), calprotectin and presepsin. The limits and potentials of these SF biomarkers will be discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk7040097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T07:26:50Z","timestamp":1667114810000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Usefulness of Synovial Fluid Proteome Analysis in Orthopaedics: Focus on Osteoarthritis and Periprosthetic Joint Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7516-2333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Bizzoca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UOSD Spinal Surgery, Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, AOU Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOSD Spinal Surgery, Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, AOU Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gnoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Luca","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetic Products and Consumer Protection, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2717-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Scacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Banfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Piazzolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOSD Spinal Surgery, Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, AOU Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Solarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOSD Spinal Surgery, Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, AOU Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biagio","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOSD Spinal Surgery, Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, AOU Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balakrishnan, L., Nirujogi, R., Ahmad, S., Bhattacharjee, M., Manda, S.S., Renuse, S., Kelkar, D.S., Subbannayya, Y., Raju, R., and Goel, R. (2014). Proteomic Analysis of Human Osteoarthritis Synovial Fluid. Clin. Proteom., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1559-0275-11-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balakrishnan, L., Bhattacharjee, M., Ahmad, S., Nirujogi, R., Renuse, S., Subbannayya, Y., Marimuthu, A., Srikanth, S.M., Raju, R., and Dhillon, M. (2014). Differential Proteomic Analysis of Synovial Fluid from Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis Patients. Clin. Proteom., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1559-0275-11-1"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"827","article-title":"Beyond Pre-Analytical and Analytical Concerns in the Study of Synovial Fluid Proteome: Description of an Optimized Gel-Based Protocol","volume":"35","author":"Bizzoca","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"23","article-title":"Biophysical Stimulation of the Knee with PEMFs: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"32","author":"Vicenti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.157","article-title":"A Systems Biology Approach to Synovial Joint Lubrication in Health, Injury, and Disease","volume":"4","author":"Hui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2013-0019","article-title":"Hyaluronan and Synovial Joint: Function, Distribution and Healing","volume":"6","author":"Tamer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2543","article-title":"Identification of a Central Role for Complement in Osteoarthritis","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-015-0185-x","article-title":"Functional Metabolomics: From Biomarker Discovery to Metabolome Reprogramming","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24598","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Is a Significant Predictor of Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis: The Chingford Study","volume":"60","author":"Livshits","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23482","article-title":"Global and Targeted Metabolomics of Synovial Fluid Discovers Special Osteoarthritis Metabolites","volume":"35","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"9","article-title":"Multi-Omics Analysis of Synovial Fluid: A Promising Approach in the Study of Osteoarthritis","volume":"32","author":"Vicenti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.12.016","article-title":"Osteoarthritis Year in Review 2016: Biomarkers (Biochemical Markers)","volume":"25","author":"Mobasheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2014.01.007","article-title":"Biomarkers for Osteoarthritis: Current Position and Steps towards Further Validation","volume":"28","author":"Hunter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21258","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"213","author":"Goldring","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"51","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Osteoarthritis: A Deep Insight into a New Vision of the Disease","volume":"34","author":"Bizzoca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"29","article-title":"Novel Directions in the Study of Osteoporosis: Focus on Gut Microbiota as a Potential Therapeutic Target","volume":"34","author":"Bizzoca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"263","article-title":"Bridging the Gap between Serum Biomarkers and Biomechanical Tests in Musculoskeletal Ageing","volume":"34","author":"Vicenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.11","article-title":"Metabolomic Characterization of Metabolic Phenotypes in OA","volume":"8","author":"Blanco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretti, L., Bizzoca, D., Giancaspro, G.A., Cassano, G.D., Moretti, F., Setti, S., and Moretti, B. (2021). Biophysical Stimulation in Athletes\u2019 Joint Degeneration: A Narrative Review. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57111206"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"131","article-title":"The Role of Biophysical Stimulation with Pemfs in Fracture Healing: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"34","author":"Vicenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204763","article-title":"The Global Burden of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study","volume":"73","author":"Cross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2010.09.010","article-title":"Factors That Impact Expectations before Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"26","author":"Hepinstall","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2017.1408561","article-title":"Synovial Fluid Proteomics in the Pursuit of Arthritis Mediators: An Evolving Field of Novel Biomarker Discovery","volume":"54","author":"Mahendran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"29","article-title":"C3f Is a Potential Tool for the Staging of Osteoarthritis","volume":"31","author":"Corigliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061648","article-title":"The Complement Inhibitor Eculizumab in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria","volume":"355","author":"Hillmen","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-06-094136","article-title":"Multicenter Phase 3 Study of the Complement Inhibitor Eculizumab for the Treatment of Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria","volume":"111","author":"Brodsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanner, J.P., Subbaiah, R., Skomorovska-Prokvolit, Y., Shishani, Y., Boilard, E., Mohan, S., Gillespie, R., Miyagi, M., and Gobezie, R. (2013). Proteomic Profiling and Functional Characterization of Early and Late Shoulder Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4369"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"349","article-title":"Is a Combination of Exercise and Dry Needling Effective for Knee OA?","volume":"21","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Romero, E.A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Zamorano, Y., Arribas-Romano, A., Mart\u00ednez-Pozas, O., Fern\u00e1ndez Espinar, E., Pedersini, P., Villafa\u00f1e, J.H., Alonso P\u00e9rez, J.L., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Carnero, J. (2021). Efficacy of Manual Therapy on Facilitatory Nociception and Endogenous Pain Modulation in Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Case Series. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041895"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinatti, P., S\u00e1nchez Romero, E.A., Mart\u00ednez-Pozas, O., and Villafa\u00f1e, J.H. (2022). Effects of Patient Education on Pain and Function and Its Impact on Conservative Treatment in Elderly Patients with Pain Related to Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19106194"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2021.02.008","article-title":"Risk factors for progression to total knee arthroplasty within two years of presentation for knee osteoarthritis","volume":"16","author":"Turcotte","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuchida, A.I., Beekhuizen, M., Rutgers, M., van Osch, G.J., Bekkers, J.E., Bot, A.G., Geurts, B., Dhert, W.J., Saris, D.B., and Creemers, L.B. (2012). Interleukin-6 Is Elevated in Synovial Fluid of Patients with Focal Cartilage Defects and Stimulates Cartilage Matrix Production in an in Vitro Regeneration Model. Arthritis Res. Ther., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4107"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokebie, R., Aggarwal, R., Lidder, S., Hakimiyan, A.A., Rueger, D.C., Block, J.A., and Chubinskaya, S. (2011). The Role of Synovial Fluid Markers of Catabolism and Anabolism in Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Asymptomatic Organ Donors. Arthritis Res. Ther., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3293"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/13684730050515796","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Levels in Serum and Synovial Fluid of Patients with Osteoarthritis","volume":"6","author":"Kaneko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokines Cell. Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-013-0251-8","article-title":"Correlation between Plasma, Synovial Fluid and Articular Cartilage Interleukin-18 with Radiographic Severity in 33 Patients with Osteoarthritis of the Knee","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"43","article-title":"Serum Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Consolidated Evidence and Recent Developments","volume":"23","author":"Vicenti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2019.09.024","article-title":"The Use of a Gentamicin-Coated Titanium Nail, Combined with RIA System, in the Management of Non-Unions of Open Tibial Fractures: A Single Centre Prospective Study","volume":"51","author":"Vicenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.11.039","article-title":"The Masquelet Technique in the Treatment of a Non-Infected Open Complex Fracture of the Distal Tibia with Severe Bone and Soft Tissue Loss: A Case Report","volume":"49","author":"Demitri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2018.02.078","article-title":"The 2018 Definition of Periprosthetic Hip and Knee Infection: An Evidence-Based and Validated Criteria","volume":"33","author":"Parvizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-021-00722-x","article-title":"The Autoclaving and Re-Implantation of an Infected Prosthesis as a Spacer during Resection Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review","volume":"106","author":"Spinarelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112120","article-title":"Defensins. Natural Peptide Antibiotics of Human Neutrophils","volume":"76","author":"Ganz","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2021.03.006","article-title":"Leukocyte Esterase Versus ICM 2018 Criteria in the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"36","author":"Chisari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-018-4904-8","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Synovial Biomarkers in Periprosthetic Joint Infection: SynovasureTM Is Less Effective than the ELISA-Based Alpha-Defensin Test","volume":"26","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sport. Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2017.1315740","article-title":"The Utility of Fecal Calprotectin in Predicting the Need for Escalation of Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"52","author":"Kwapisz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Perioperative Plasmatic Presepsin Levels in Patients Undergoing Total Hip or Knee Replacement: A Preliminary Study","volume":"31","author":"Vicenti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"259","article-title":"The Limits and Potentials of Presepsin in Orthopaedic Surgery: State of the Art and Future Directions","volume":"34","author":"Vicenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marazzi, M.G., Randelli, F., Brioschi, M., Drago, L., Roman\u00f2, C.L., Banfi, G., Massaccesi, L., Crapanzano, C., Morelli, F., and Corsi Romanelli, M.M. (2018). Presepsin: A Potential Biomarker of PJI? A Comparative Analysis with Known and New Infection Biomarkers. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol., 31.","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632017749356"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso P\u00e9rez, J.L., Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez, S., Turroni, S., Marchese, L., and Villafa\u00f1e, J.H. (2021). Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Osteoarthritis Pain: Review of the Literature. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030716"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/TGR.0000000000000337","article-title":"Impact on Blood Tests of Lower Limb Joint Replacement for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: Hip and Knee","volume":"Volume 37","author":"Battaglino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-005-0400-4","article-title":"Evaluation of a Newly Identified Soluble CD14 Subtype as a Marker for Sepsis","volume":"11","author":"Yaegashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, B.Z., Li, R., Li, X., Chai, W., Zhou, Y.G., and Chen, J.Y. (2021). The Relationship of C-Reactive Protein\/Interleukin-6 Concentrations between Serum and Synovial Fluid in the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. J. Orthop. Surg. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02880-x"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.99B5.BJJ-2016-0913.R2","article-title":"Synovial Calprotectin: A Potential Biomarker to Exclude a Prosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"99-B","author":"Ploegmakers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2018.10.015","article-title":"Early Diagnosis of Septic Arthritis Using Synovial Fluid Presepsin: A Preliminary Study","volume":"25","author":"Imagama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/7\/4\/97\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:24Z","timestamp":1760144724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/7\/4\/97"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk7040097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk7040097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]}}}