{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:34:34Z","timestamp":1791988474194,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measurement of the adverse outcomes of repeated head trauma in athletes is often achieved using tests where the comparator is \u2018accuracy\u2019. While it is expected that ex-athletes would perform worse than controls, previous studies have shown inconsistent results. Here we have attempted to address these inconsistencies from a different perspective by quantifying not only accuracy, but also motor response times. Age-matched control subjects who have never experienced head trauma (n = 20; 41.8 \u00b1 14.4 years) where compared to two cohorts of retired contact sport athletes with a history of head trauma\/concussions; one with self-reported concerns (n = 36; 45.4 \u00b1 12.6 years), and another with no ongoing concerns (n = 19; 43.1 \u00b1 13.5 years). Participants performed cognitive (Cogstate) and somatosensory (Cortical Metrics) testing with accuracy and motor times recorded. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) investigated corticospinal conduction and excitability. Results showed that there was little difference between groups in accuracy scores. Conversely, motor times in all but one test revealed that ex-athletes with self-reported concerns were significantly slower compared to other groups (p ranges 0.031 to &lt;0.001). TMS latency showed significantly increased time (p = 0.008) in the group with ongoing concerns. These findings suggest that incorporating motor times is more informative than considering accuracy scores alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk7040109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T01:42:21Z","timestamp":1670204541000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of Somatosensory and Motor Processing Time in Retired Athletes with a History of Repeated Head Trauma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9264-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan J.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3016, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0135-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doug","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawson J.","family":"Kidgell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashlyn K.","family":"Frazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Tommerdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cortical Metrics, Carrboro, NC 27510, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Suter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, University Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-297-18","article-title":"History of Sport-Related Concussion and Long-Term Clinical Cognitive Health Outcomes in Retired Athletes: A Systematic Review","volume":"55","author":"Cunningham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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