{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:32:13Z","timestamp":1790433133895,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extensive literature reports an increase in physical disorders (pain, pathologies, dysfunctions) and mental malaise\/uneasiness (stress, burnout) affecting dental professionals in relation to fast and pressing rhythms of work, long working hours, increasingly demanding patients, ever-evolving technologies, etc. This project has been conceived to bring the science of yoga around the world to dental professionals as a preventive (occupational) medicine and to provide knowledge and means for self-care. Yoga is a concentrative self-discipline of the mind, senses, and physical body, that requires regular daily exercise (or meditation), attention, intention, and disciplined action. M&amp;M: The study aimed to design a Yoga protocol specifically devised for dental professionals (dentists, dental hygienists, and dental assistants) including positions (\u0101sana) to be practiced\/used in the dental office. The protocol is targeted for the upper body, namely neck, upper back, chest, shoulder girdle, and wrists, being areas greatly affected by work-related musculoskeletal disorders. This paper represents a yoga-based guideline for the self-cure of musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals. Results: The protocol includes both sitting (Upavistha position) and standing (Utthana or Sama position) \u0101sana, with twisting (Parivrtta), side bending (Parsva), flexion and forward bending (Pashima), and extension and arching (Purva) \u0101sana to mobilize and decompress, and to provide nourishment and oxygen to the musculo-articular system. The paper delivers different concepts and theories developed and deepened by the authors and introduces and spreads yoga as a medical science among dental professionals for the prevention and treatment of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. We articulate notions ranging from stretching out using the viny\u0101sa method (breath-driven movement) and inward-focused attention to contemplative\/concentrative science, interoceptive attention, self-awareness, the mind\u2013body connection, and receptive attitude. The theory of \u201cmuscles are bone ties\u201d is coined and delivered with regard to tensegrity musculoskeletal fascial structures connecting, pulling together, and nearing the bone segments where they are anchored. The paper describes over 60 \u0101sana envisaged to be performed on dental stools or using the walls of a dental office or a dental unit chair. A detailed guideline on the work-related disorders that can find relief with the protocol is provided, including the description of breath control for the practice of \u0101sana in viny\u0101sa. The foundations of the technique reside in the Iyengar Yoga method and Parin\u0101ma Yoga method. Conclusions: This paper represents a guideline for self-cure in the prevention or treatment of musculoskeletal disorders affecting dental professionals. Yoga is a powerful concentrative self-discipline able to provide physical and mental well-being, representing great help and support in daily life and business for dental professionals. Y\u00f3g\u0101sana restores retracted and stiff muscles, giving relief to the strained and tired limbs of dental professionals. Yoga is not intended for flexible or physically performing persons but for people who decide to take care of themselves. The practice of specific \u0101sana represents a powerful tool for the prevention or treatment of MSDs related to poor posture, forward head, chronic neck tension (and related headache), depressed chest, compressive disorders on wrists and shoulders as carpal tunnel, impingement syndromes, outlet syndrome, subacromial pain syndrome and spinal disc pathologies. Yoga, as an integrative science in medicine and public health, represents a powerful tool for the prevention and treatment of occupational musculoskeletal disorders and an extraordinary path for the self-care of dental professionals, sitting job workers, and healthcare providers suffering from occupational biomechanical stresses and awkward postures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk8010026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T01:39:28Z","timestamp":1676943568000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["\u0100sana for Neck, Shoulders, and Wrists to Prevent Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dental Professionals: In-Office Y\u00f3ga Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7793-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Giovanna","family":"Gandolfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ergonomics, Posturology and Y\u00f3ga Therapy Program, Degree in Dentistry and Degree Course in Dental Hygiene, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Y\u00f3ga Therapy Program, Specialization in Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0071-4463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Zamparini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Spinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Prati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4154","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4154","article-title":"Ergonomic risk and preventive measures of musculoskeletal disorders in the dentistry environment: An umbrella review","volume":"6","author":"Traversini","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lietz, J., Kozak, A., and Nienhaus, A. (2018). Prevalence and occupational risk factors of musculoskeletal diseases and pain among dental professionals in Western countries: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208628"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandolfi, M.G., Zamparini, F., Spinelli, A., Risi, A., and Prati, C. (2021). Musculoskeletal Disorders among Italian Dentists and Dental Hygienists. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052705"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2010-0979","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and shoulder in the dental professions","volume":"35","author":"Morse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12269","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12269","article-title":"Dentists have a high occupational risk of neck disorders with impact on somatosensory function and neck mobility","volume":"63","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2019.01.031","article-title":"Prevention and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders in oral health care professionals: A systematic review","volume":"150","author":"Roll","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohlendorf, D., Naser, A., Haas, Y., Haenel, J., Fraeulin, L., Holzgreve, F., Erbe, C., Betz, W., Wanke, E.M., and Brueggmann, D. (2020). Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists and Dental Students in Germany. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238740"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"CD010072","article-title":"Y\u00f3ga for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Hartley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314523132","article-title":"A systematic review of Y\u00f3ga for heart disease","volume":"22","author":"Cramer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314562741","article-title":"The effectiveness of Y\u00f3ga in modifying risk factors for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"23","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"CD009506","article-title":"Y\u00f3ga for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease","volume":"6","author":"Kwong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2016.0234","article-title":"Blood Pressure Response to Meditation and Y\u00f3ga: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.11.060","article-title":"Effect of Y\u00f3ga on arrhythmia burden, anxiety, depression, and quality of life in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: The Y\u00d3GA My Heart Study","volume":"61","author":"Lakkireddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euab054","article-title":"A randomized study of Y\u00f3ga therapy for the prevention of recurrent reflex vasovagal syncope","volume":"23","author":"Shenthar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316665729","article-title":"Y\u00f3ga for metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Cramer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.04.026","article-title":"Effect of Y\u00f3ga in the Therapy of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Schumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00315","article-title":"Y\u00f3ga, Meditation and Mind-Body Health: Increased BDNF, Cortisol Awakening Response, and Altered Inflammatory Marker Expression after a 3-Month Y\u00f3ga and Meditation Retreat","volume":"11","author":"Cahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Vergara, D., Grabowska, W., Yeh, G.Y., Khalsa, S.B., Schreiber, K.L., Huang, C.A., Zavacki, A.M., and Wayne, P.M. (2022). A systematic review of in vivo stretching regimens on inflammation and its relevance to translational Y\u00f3ga research. PLoS ONE, 1.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269300"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-018-9914-y","article-title":"Y\u00f3ga and immune system functioning: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"41","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02881-6","article-title":"Y\u00f3ga and chemoreflex response to hypoxia and hypercapnia","volume":"356","author":"Spicuzza","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2021.101315","article-title":"Effects of diaphragmatic deep breathing exercises on prehypertensive or hypertensive adults: A literature review","volume":"43","author":"Yau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2011.07.004","article-title":"Is Y\u00f3ga effective for pain? A systematic review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"19","author":"Posadzki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht124","article-title":"Insular cortex mediates increased pain tolerance in Y\u00f3ga practitioners","volume":"24","author":"Villemure","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-017-3744-z","article-title":"Associations between Y\u00f3ga practice and joint problems: A cross-sectional survey among 9151 Australian women","volume":"37","author":"Lauche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515690X19863763","DOI":"10.1177\/2515690X19863763","article-title":"Y\u00f3ga for People With Chronic Pain in a Community-Based Setting: A Feasibility and Pilot RCT","volume":"24","author":"Schmid","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1547-y","article-title":"Y\u00f3ga and disc degenerative disease in cervical and lumbar spine: An MR imaging-based case control study","volume":"20","author":"Jeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.08.004","article-title":"Y\u00f3ga for chronic neck pain: A pilot randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Michalsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004316","article-title":"The Effect of a Stretch and Strength-Based Y\u00f3ga Exercise Program on Patients with Neuropathic Pain due to Lumbar Disc Herniation","volume":"47","author":"Yildirim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2014.981778","article-title":"How does Y\u00f3ga reduce stress? A systematic review of mechanisms of change and guide to future inquiry","volume":"9","author":"Riley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocchiara, R.A., Peruzzo, M., Mannocci, A., Ottolenghi, L., Villari, P., Polimeni, A., Guerra, F., and La Torre, G. (2019). The Use of Y\u00f3ga to Manage Stress and Burnout in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8030284"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2021.101350","article-title":"Association between Y\u00f3ga, physiologic and psychologic health: A cross sectional study","volume":"43","author":"Forseth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/jhnps.jhnps_9_22","article-title":"Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in dentists; A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Thorat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Head Neck Physicians Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720130165","article-title":"High and specialty-related musculoskeletal disorders afflict dental professionals even since early training years","volume":"21","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.10.001","article-title":"Effects of Y\u00f3ga interventions on pain and pain-associated disability: A meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ostermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12549","article-title":"Quality of life in dental hygienists using complementary alternative medicine approaches for work-related musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"20","author":"Malloy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"55","article-title":"The Use of Y\u00f3ga as a Group Intervention for Pediatric Chronic Pain Rehabilitation: Exploring Qualitative and Quantitative Outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Kempert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Y\u00f3ga"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2003.0106","article-title":"Preventing musculoskeletal disorders in clinical dentistry: Strategies to address the mechanisms leading to musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"134","author":"Valachi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ergonomics in Dentistry and the Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Dentists","volume":"1","author":"Nutalapati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Internet J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"13","article-title":"Exercise prescriptions to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in dentists","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"56","article-title":"Ergonomics in General Dental Practice","volume":"5","author":"Sarkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"People\u2019s J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2001.0150","article-title":"Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome and median mononeuropathy among dentists","volume":"132","author":"Hamann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"130","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of hand problems and carpal tunnel syndrome among dental hygienists","volume":"75","author":"Lalumandier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-1998-11304","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorder in dental hygienists","volume":"11","author":"Shenkar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200050391","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders among female dental personnel--clinical examination and a 5-year follow-up study of symptoms","volume":"72","author":"Akesson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.18.1601","article-title":"Y\u00f3ga-based intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized trial","volume":"280","author":"Garfinkel","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)00393-6","article-title":"Y\u00f3ga in treatment of carpal-tunnel syndrome","volume":"353","author":"Sequeira","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1807","article-title":"Symptoms of the neck and upper extremities in dentists","volume":"16","author":"Milerad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00200","article-title":"A Pilot Study Evaluating the Prevalence of Cervical Spine Dysfunction Among Students of Dentistry at the Medical University","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoda\u010dov\u00e1, L., Pilbauerov\u00e1, N., \u010cerm\u00e1kov\u00e1, E., Macha\u010d, S., Schmidt, J., Hoda\u010d, J., and Kapit\u00e1n, M. (2022). The Prevalence and Development of Neck and Lower Back Pain and Associated Factors in Dentistry Students-A Long-Term Prospective Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148539"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"277","article-title":"Assessment of stresses in the cervical spine caused by posture and position of the head","volume":"25","author":"Hansraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1997.tb00128.x","article-title":"Musculoskeletal symptoms in New South Wales dentists","volume":"42","author":"Marshall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-140531","article-title":"Disc extrusions and bulges in nonspecific low back pain and sciatica: Exploratory randomised controlled trial comparing Y\u00f3ga therapy and normal medical treatment","volume":"28","author":"Monro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C.C., Kuo, P.J., Hsu, C.C., Lin, H.J., Su, S.B., Wang, J.J., and Weng, S.F. (2019). Risk for cervical herniated intervertebral disc in dentists: A nationwide population-based study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2559-3"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S.K., Chen, H.Y., You, J.Y., Bau, J.G., Lin, Y.C., and Kuo, L.C. (2022). Outcomes of active cervical therapeutic exercise on dynamic intervertebral foramen changes in neck pain patients with disc herniation. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05670-6"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effectiveness of Iyengar Y\u00f3ga in treating spinal (back and neck) pain: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Crow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Y\u00f3ga"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517698735","article-title":"Effects of Y\u00f3ga on chronic neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Cramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318251026c","article-title":"Randomized-controlled trial comparing Y\u00f3ga and home-based exercise for chronic neck pain","volume":"29","author":"Cramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2288","article-title":"Effects of Pilates and Y\u00f3ga in patients with chronic neck pain: A sonographic study","volume":"50","author":"Kara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5433-8","article-title":"The Global Spine Care Initiative: Applying evidence-based guidelines on the non-invasive management of back and neck pain to low- and middle-income communities","volume":"27","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033137","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1033137","article-title":"Upper arm versus forearm transcutaneous oximetry during upper limb abduction in patients with suspected thoracic outlet syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Hersant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Illig, K.A., Thompson, R.W., Freischlag, J.A., Donahua, D.M., Jordan, S.E., and Edgclow, P.I. (2013). Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-4366-6"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2016.05.047","article-title":"Reporting standards of the Society for Vascular Surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome: Executive summary","volume":"64","author":"Illig","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-150508","article-title":"Musculoskeletal symptoms of the neck and shoulder among dental practitioners","volume":"30","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2006.tb00451.x","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders self-reported by dentists in Queensland, Australia","volume":"51","author":"Leggat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10110","article-title":"Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and carpal tunnel syndrome among dental hygienists","volume":"42","author":"Anton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2018.04.010","article-title":"Can Y\u00f3ga have any effect on shoulder and arm pain and quality of life in patients with breast cancer? A randomized, controlled, single-blind trial","volume":"32","author":"Eyigor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2018.12.007","article-title":"Short term effect of Y\u00f3ga \u0101sana\u2014An adjunct therapy to conventional treatment in frozen shoulder","volume":"11","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/8\/1\/26\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:37:32Z","timestamp":1760121452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/8\/1\/26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk8010026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk8010026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]}}}