{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T16:49:20Z","timestamp":1783183760892,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common brain injury, seen in sports, fall, vehicle, or workplace injuries. Concussion is the most common type of mTBI. Assessment of impairments from concussion is evolving, with oculomotor testing suggested as a key component in a multimodality diagnostic protocol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of one eye-tracking system, the EyeGuide Focus. A group of 75 healthy adolescent and adult participants (adolescents: n = 28; female = 11, male = 17, mean age 16.5 \u00b1 1.4 years; adults n = 47; female = 22; male = 25, mean age 26.7 \u00b1 7.0 years) completed three repetitions of the EyeGuide Focus within one session. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis showed the EyeGuide Focus had overall good reliability (ICC 0.79, 95%CI: 0.70, 0.86). However, a familiarization effect showing improvements in subsequent trials 2 (9.7%) and 3 (8.1%) was noticeable in both cohorts (p &lt; 0.001) with adolescent participants showing greater familiarization effects than adults (21.7% vs. 13.1%). No differences were observed between sexes (p = 0.69). Overall, this is the first study to address the concern regarding a lack of published reliability studies for the EyeGuide Focus. Results showed good reliability, suggesting that oculomotor pursuits should be part of a multimodality assessment protocol, but the observation of familiarization effects suggests that smooth-pursuit testing using this device has the potential to provide a biologically-based interpretation of the maturation of the oculomotor system, as well as its relationship to multiple brain regions in both health and injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk8020083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T10:19:22Z","timestamp":1686910762000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Reliability of a Smooth Pursuit Eye-Tracking System (EyeGuide Focus) in Healthy Adolescents and Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9264-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan J.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sport Health Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ed","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science & Computing, Atlantic Technological University, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science & Computing, Atlantic Technological University, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0135-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doug","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590986","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.590986","article-title":"Contribution of eye-tracking to study cognitive impairments among clinical populations","volume":"12","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Yang, Z., Gu, Y., Liu, H., and Wang, P. (2021). The effectiveness of eye tracking in the diagnosis of cognitive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254059"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12TR01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aaef44","article-title":"Eye tracking technology in sports-related concussion: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Snegireva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100338","article-title":"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement on concussion in sport","volume":"53","author":"Harmon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferdinand Pennock, K., McKenzie, B., McClemont Steacy, L., and Mainwaring, L. (2020). Under-reporting of sport-related concussions by adolescent athletes: A systematic review. Int. Rev. Sport. Exerc. Psychol., in press.","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2020.1824243"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1241420","article-title":"Do as I say: Contradicting beliefs and attitudes towards sports concussion in Australia","volume":"35","author":"Pearce","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"AFL Players\u2019 Association Limited (2022). Insights and Impact Report, AFL Players\u2019 Association Limited. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.07.010","article-title":"Acute motor, neurocognitive and neurophysiological change following concussion injury in Australian amateur football. A prospective multimodal investigation","volume":"18","author":"Pearce","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3050","article-title":"Toward objective markers of concussion in sport: A review of white matter and neurometabolic changes in the brain after sports-related concussion","volume":"31","author":"Dimou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurotraum."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daly, E., Pearce, A.J., Finnegan, E., Cooney, C., McDonagh, M., Scully, G., McCann, M., Doherty, R., White, A., and Phelan, S. (2022). An assessment of current concussion identification and diagnosis methods in sports settings: A systematic review. BMC Sport. Sci. Med. Rehabil., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-022-00514-1"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13987","article-title":"Visual effects of concussion: A review","volume":"50","author":"Fraser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181e67936","article-title":"Visual tracking synchronization as a metric for concussion screening","volume":"25","author":"Maruta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.139881","article-title":"Saccades and pursuit: Two outcomes of a single sensorimotor process","volume":"584","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.06.027","article-title":"Coordination of smooth pursuit and saccades","volume":"46","author":"Erkelens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.57.5.1262","article-title":"Directional pursuit deficits following lesions of the foveal representation within the superior temporal sulcus of the macaque monkey","volume":"57","author":"Dursteler","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06117.x","article-title":"Neural mechanisms for smooth pursuit in strabismus","volume":"1233","author":"Mustari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-03-00825.1985","article-title":"Deficits in visual motion processing following ibotenic acid lesions of the middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey","volume":"5","author":"Newsome","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00710.2019","article-title":"Different mechanisms for modulation of the initiation and steady-state of smooth pursuit eye movements","volume":"123","author":"Behling","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.06.008","article-title":"The neuronal basis of on-line visual control in smooth pursuit eye movements","volume":"110","author":"Ono","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000639","article-title":"Eye tracking as a biomarker for concussion in children","volume":"30","author":"Zahid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0248-3","article-title":"Dynamic visuomotor synchronization: Quantification of predictive timing","volume":"45","author":"Maruta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallagher, D., King, D., Hume, P., Clark, T., Pearce, A., and Gissane, C. (2021). Annual baseline King-Devick oculomotor function testing Is needed due to scores varying by age. Sports, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports9120166"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e1251","article-title":"Technical Report of the Use of a Novel Eye Tracking System to Measure Impairment Associated with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"9","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000801864.83892.7e","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of mild TBI via eye tracking","volume":"98","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6595","article-title":"Smooth pursuit and saccades after sport-related concussion","volume":"37","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurotraum."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2020.12.008","article-title":"Surgeons maintain better focus working 12-hour shifts compared to 24-hour calls","volume":"78","author":"Puckett","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surg. Educ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000829","article-title":"A reliability and comparative analysis of the new randomized King-Devick test","volume":"40","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Jahnke, N.A., Still, J.B., Gamel, G.L., and Baronia, B.C. (2019). Method and System for Cognitive Function Testing. (10,398,301), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.2.12","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the King-Devick test in an adolescent population","volume":"52","author":"Oberlander","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518768750","article-title":"Test performance and test-retest reliability of the vestibular\/ocular motor screening and King-Devick test in adolescent athletes during a competitive sport season","volume":"46","author":"Worts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.03.011","article-title":"The King-Devick test is a valid and reliable tool for assessing sport-related concussion in Australian football: A prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Hecimovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.05.044","article-title":"Learning effect and its prediction for cognitive tests used in studies on indoor environmental quality","volume":"197","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CNC8","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc.15.8","article-title":"The King-Devick test of rapid number naming for concussion detection: Meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature","volume":"1","author":"Galetta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Concussion"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689912","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.689912","article-title":"Visual Neuropsychology in Development: Anatomo-Functional Brain Mechanisms of Action\/Perception Binding in Health and Disease","volume":"15","author":"Ionta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00107-7","article-title":"Smooth pursuit in 1-to 4-month-old human infants","volume":"37","author":"Phillips","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199307000-00012","article-title":"A Developmental Study of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Normal Children from 7 to 15 Years of Age","volume":"32","author":"Ross","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.08.019","article-title":"Development of eye-movement control","volume":"68","author":"Luna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1666818","article-title":"Oculomotor Assessment in Children","volume":"39","author":"Doettl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Hear."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.70252\/SLBS8531","article-title":"King-Devick performance following moderate and high exercise intensity bouts","volume":"10","author":"Rist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/8\/2\/83\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:56:38Z","timestamp":1760126198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/8\/2\/83"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk8020083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk8020083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]}}}