{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:13:00Z","timestamp":1790727180188,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["99999.002176\/2015-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99999.002176\/2015-07"]}]},{"name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","award":["99999.002176\/2015-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99999.002176\/2015-07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Findings are inconsistent with regards to whether menstrual cycle phase-associated changes in physical functioning exist. It is possible that such discrepancies are due to varying rigour in experimental approaches. The current study aimed to systematically evaluate any effect of carefully tracked menstrual cycle phase on precisely measured muscle structure and function in a physically active group (contemporary dancers). Eleven women aged (M [SD]) 23.5 [2.94] years, undergoing 10.5 [1.73] hours of contemporary dance practice and 6.12 [2.36] hours of other physical activity per week, were recruited. Sex hormone level (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), skin temperature and ovulation kits), physical pain assessments (Ice Water Test, Visual Analogue Scale, The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, Self-Estimated Functional Inability Because of Pain Questionnaire, and Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale), muscle architecture measurement (B-mode ultrasonography), and physical functioning (dynamometry, force-platform and electromyography) on both lower limbs were measured at three time points during one cycle, following three months of menstrual cycle monitoring. There was no difference in musculoskeletal flexibility variables between follicular, ovulatory, or luteal phases. Nonetheless, oestrogen change was associated with variability in 11 musculoskeletal variables, progesterone change was associated with variability in 7, and relaxin change was associated with variability in 15. Negative correlations existed between progesterone and flexibility and between oestrogen and jump variables. Moreover, oestrogen and relaxin were associated with increased musculoskeletal compliance, whilst progesterone was associated with increased muscle stiffness. In short, in absolute sex hormone levels, \u2018inter-individual\u2019 variances appear more impactful than \u2018intra-individual\u2019 variances. Not only are oestrogen and progesterone associated with differing musculoskeletal outcomes, but relaxin is also associated with musculoskeletal compliance changes. These effects are anticipated to impact jump height and flexibility, and hence, they could be expected to affect overall physical performance, including dance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T07:51:39Z","timestamp":1708933899000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Musculoskeletal Morphology and Joint Flexibility-Associated Functional Characteristics across Three Time Points during the Menstrual Cycle in Female Contemporary Dancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Pessali-Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK"},{"name":"Bastidores\u2014Dance, Research and Training, Palhano, Brumadinho 35460000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian M.","family":"Burden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5261-2637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher I.","family":"Morse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1466-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gladys L.","family":"Onamb\u00e9l\u00e9-Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Strauss, J.F., and Barbieri, R.L. (2013). Yen & Jaffe\u2019s Reproductive Endocrinology E-Book: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2007.07.003","article-title":"Sex differences in drug abuse","volume":"29","author":"Becker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2478\/bhk-2019-0011","article-title":"Female sex hormones and the recovery from exercise: Menstrual cycle phase affects responses","volume":"11","author":"Hackney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333110-00004","article-title":"Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Exercise Performance","volume":"33","author":"Xanne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmichael, M.A., Thomson, R.L., Moran, L.J., and Wycherley, T.P. (2021). The impact of menstrual cycle phase on athletes\u2019 performance: A narrative review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041667"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654585","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.654585","article-title":"The effects of menstrual cycle phase on elite athlete performance: A critical and systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Duclos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2011.057877","article-title":"Serum relaxin levels affect the properties of some but not all tendons in normally menstruating young women","volume":"96","author":"Pearson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100160513","article-title":"Identification of sex hormone receptors in human and rabbit ligaments of the knee by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction: Evidence that receptors are present in tissue from both male and female subjects","volume":"16","author":"Sciore","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508326713","article-title":"Changing hormone levels during the menstrual cycle affect knee laxity and stiffness in healthy female subjects","volume":"37","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-001-0326-0","article-title":"Anterior knee laxity in young women varies with their menstrual cycle","volume":"26","author":"Deie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"144","article-title":"Hormonal changes throughout the menstrual cycle and increased anterior cruciate ligament laxity in females","volume":"34","author":"Heitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-021-00459-7","article-title":"A preliminary study exploring the change in ankle joint laxity and general joint laxity during the menstrual cycle in cis women","volume":"14","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503261360","article-title":"Knee laxity does not vary with the menstrual cycle, before or after exercise","volume":"32","author":"Belanger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-006-0143-5","article-title":"Effects of menstrual-cycle hormone fluctuations on musculotendinous stiffness and knee joint laxity","volume":"15","author":"Eiling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827512","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.827512","article-title":"Do Relaxin Levels Impact Hip Injury Incidence in Women? A Scoping Review","volume":"13","author":"Parker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-011-0207-1","article-title":"Pain Perception during Menstrual Cycle","volume":"15","author":"Tommaso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12727","article-title":"Influence of the menstrual cycle phase on pain perception and analgesic requirements in young women undergoing gynecological laparoscopy","volume":"19","author":"Piroli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-86922008000200003","article-title":"Compara\u00e7\u00e3o de duas diferentes intensidades de alongamento na amplitude de movimento","volume":"14","author":"Chagas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. de Med. do Esporte"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.12678\/1089-313X.24.1.12","article-title":"Biomechanical Response to Acute Stretching in Dancers and Non-Dancers","volume":"24","author":"Peixoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Danc. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"7144","article-title":"Game of laxity between female sex hormones in menstrual cycle & ligamentous structures: A mini literature review","volume":"08","author":"Sumant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Adv. Multidiscip. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0152","article-title":"Exploratory factor analysis for differentiating sensory and mechanical variables related to muscle-tendon unit elongation","volume":"20","author":"Chagas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","author":"Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"American College of Sports Medicine (2012). ACSM\u2019s Health\/Fitness Facility Standards and Guidelines, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00352-5","article-title":"The usefulness of a urinary LH kit for ovulation prediction during menstrual cycles of normal women","volume":"87","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800413495953","article-title":"Validity of a Portable Glucose, Total Cholesterol, and Triglycerides Multi-Analyzer in Adults","volume":"16","author":"Coqueiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-001-0533-9","article-title":"Validity of ultrasonograph muscle thickness measurements for estimating muscle volume of knee extensors in humans","volume":"86","author":"Miyatani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0974-4","article-title":"The accuracy of volume estimates using ultrasound muscle thickness measurements in different muscle groups","volume":"91","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318265a3c8","article-title":"Analysis of Lower Limb Asymmetries by Isokinetic and Vertical Jump Tests in Soccer Players","volume":"27","author":"Menzel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Latash, M.L., and Zatsiorsky, V. (2015). Biomechanics and Motor Control: Defining Central Concepts, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","article-title":"Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology","volume":"6","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199212000-00011","article-title":"Viscoelastic stress relaxation in human skeletal muscle","volume":"24","author":"Mchugh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200107000-00013","article-title":"Multi-segment coordination: Fatigue effects","volume":"33","author":"Rodacki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-548","article-title":"Prediction of muscular architecture of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis from EMG during isometric contractions in soccer players","volume":"2","author":"Chauhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-eular.1104","article-title":"AB1106 Validity and reliability of turkish version of self estimated functional inability because of pain (SEFIP) questionnaire and determination of pain profile in a turkish folk dancer group","volume":"71","author":"Yurt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2007.3024","article-title":"Body physique and prior training experience as determinants of SEFIP score for university dancers","volume":"22","author":"Miletic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Probl. Perform. Artist."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1155\/2002\/517163","article-title":"A short version of the pain anxiety symptoms scale (PASS-20): Preliminary development and validity","volume":"7","author":"McCracken","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCracken, L.M. (2013). Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS) and short version PASS-20. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1005-9_907"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(01)00079-4","article-title":"Short-term changes in asymmetry and hormones in men","volume":"23","author":"Manning","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-007-0302-3","article-title":"Neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics do not vary across the menstrual cycle","volume":"15","author":"Abt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198007033030105","article-title":"Delayed Menarche and Amenorrhea in Ballet Dancers","volume":"303","author":"Frisch","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8637","article-title":"Osteopenia in exercise-associated amenorrhea using ballet dancers as a model: A longitudinal study","volume":"87","author":"Warren","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00660-5","article-title":"Persistent osteopenia in ballet dancers with amenorrhea and delayed menarche despite hormone therapy: A longitudinal study","volume":"80","author":"Warren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"41","article-title":"The relation of eating problems and amenorrhea in ballet dancers","volume":"19","author":"Warren","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2020.1862852","article-title":"Participation in varsity sports, dance, and Greek life associated with menstrual disturbance in a national sample of female college students","volume":"70","author":"Carson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witko\u015b, J., and Wr\u00f3bel, P. (2019). Menstrual disorders in amateur dancers. BMC Women\u2019s Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0779-1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2021\/224","article-title":"Effect of Diet, Physical Activity, and Psychosocial Factors, on Menstrual Cycle Abnormalities in College Students of Karad, Maharashtra, India","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Evol. Med. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Symptom fluctuation over the menstrual cycle in anxiety disorders, PTSD, and OCD: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000238","article-title":"Perceived stress, reproductive hormones, and ovulatory function: A prospective cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Schliep","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104895","article-title":"How to study the menstrual cycle: Practical tools and recommendations","volume":"123","author":"Schmalenberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021381","article-title":"Changes in muscle strength, relaxation rate and fatiguability during the human menstrual cycle","volume":"493","author":"Sarwar","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107979","article-title":"Hormonal characteristics of the human menstrual cycle throughout reproductive life","volume":"55","author":"Sherman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-42-4-629","article-title":"The menopausal transition: Analysis of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations during menstrual cycles of older women","volume":"42","author":"Sherman","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024587217927","article-title":"Psychoendocrinological assessment of the menstrual cycle: The relationship between hormones, sexuality, and mood","volume":"26","author":"Wiegant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300020601","article-title":"The effect of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injuries in women as determined by hormone levels","volume":"30","author":"Wojtys","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0355","article-title":"A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous measurement of 15 urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites: Assay reproducibility and interindividual variability","volume":"17","author":"Falk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5323.102","article-title":"Thermal Changes in the Normal Menstrual Cycle","volume":"1","author":"Marshall","year":"1963","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"790","article-title":"Thermoregulation and the menstrual cycle","volume":"53","author":"Horvath","year":"1982","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)45916-9","article-title":"Basal body temperature: Unreliable method of ovulation detection","volume":"36","author":"Bauman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0152-7","article-title":"Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles","volume":"2","author":"Bull","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"77","article-title":"Variation of the human menstrual cycle through reproductive life","volume":"12","author":"Treloar","year":"1967","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmod.2020.11.002","article-title":"The extent and causes of natural variation in menstrual cycles: Integrating empirically-based models of ovarian cycling into research on women\u2019s health","volume":"32","author":"Shea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Dis. Model."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12866","article-title":"Menstrual cycle length and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women in Project Viva","volume":"36","author":"Perng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr. P\u00e9rinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Gibson, E.A., Jukic, A.M.Z., Baird, D.D., Wilcox, A.J., Curry, C.L., Fischer-Colbrie, T., Onnela, J.-P., Williams, M.A., and Hauser, R. (2022). Variation in menstrual cycle length by age, race\/ethnicity, and body mass index in a large digital cohort of women in the US. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.09.30.22280382"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036193","article-title":"Epidemiology of menstruation and its relevance to women\u2019s health","volume":"17","author":"Harlow","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-38-1-89","article-title":"Measurement of plasma LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone in disorders of the human menstrual cycle: The short luteal phase","volume":"38","author":"Sherman","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)01881-7","article-title":"Comparison of several one-step home urinary luteinizing hormone detection test kits to OvuQuick\u00ae","volume":"76","author":"Nielsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10058","article-title":"Detection of ovulation, a review of currently available methods","volume":"2","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)49212-5","article-title":"Inaccuracy of basal body temperature charts in predicting urinary luteinizing hormone surges","volume":"45","author":"Quagliarello","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.04.035","article-title":"Assessment of anovulation in eumenorrheic women: Comparison of ovulation detection algorithms","volume":"102","author":"Lynch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juppi, H.-K., Sipil\u00e4, S., Cronin, N.J., Karvinen, S., Karppinen, J.E., Tammelin, T.H., Aukee, P., Kovanen, V., Kujala, U.M., and Laakkonen, E.K. (2020). Role of menopausal transition and physical activity in loss of lean and muscle mass: A follow-up study in middle-aged finnish women. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051588"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021706","article-title":"Changes in maximal voluntary force of human adductor pollicis muscle during the menstrual cycle","volume":"496","author":"Phillips","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01834","article-title":"Effect of estrogen on musculoskeletal performance and injury risk","volume":"9","author":"Baar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199503000-00022","article-title":"Effects of menstrual cycle phase on athletic performance","volume":"27","author":"Lebrun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1675831","article-title":"Do food intake and food cravings change during the menstrual cycle of young women?","volume":"40","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Hematol. E Hemoter."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19650023","article-title":"Variations in body-weight of young women during the menstrual cycle","volume":"19","author":"Watson","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138451","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/138451","article-title":"Fluid Retention over the Menstrual Cycle: 1-Year Data from the Prospective Ovulation Cohort","volume":"2011","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.18.4.553","article-title":"The effect of menstrual-cycle phase on hamstring extensibility and muscle stiffness","volume":"18","author":"Bell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20811","article-title":"Tendon structural and mechanical properties do not differ between genders in a healthy community-dwelling elderly population","volume":"27","author":"Burgess","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181aeb12b","article-title":"Patellar Tendon Properties with Fluctuating Menstrual Cycle Hormones","volume":"24","author":"Burgess","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.04.022","article-title":"Variations in strength-related measures during the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Blagrove","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260050301","article-title":"Association between the menstrual cycle and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes","volume":"26","author":"Wojtys","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506297537","article-title":"Knee and Hip Loading Patterns at Different Phases in the Menstrual Cycle","volume":"35","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)49937-1","article-title":"Diurnal variations in midluteal serum progesterone measurements","volume":"47","author":"Syrop","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199010040-00002","article-title":"Physical Exercise and Menstrual Cycle Alterations","volume":"10","author":"Keizer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1978.44.1.109","article-title":"Ovarian hormonal responses to exercise","volume":"44","author":"Jurkowski","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00049-8","article-title":"Anxiety sensitivity in the prediction of pain-related fear and anxiety in a heterogeneous chronic pain population","volume":"39","author":"Zvolensky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.711","article-title":"Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Range of Motion and Stretch Pain","volume":"26","author":"Morishita","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.10.004","article-title":"Sex Differences and Hormonal Influences on Response to Cold Pressor Pain in Humans","volume":"7","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511413378","article-title":"Prospective correlation between serum relaxin concentration and anterior cruciate ligament tears among elite collegiate female athletes","volume":"39","author":"Dragoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk11010038","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708819200000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/9\/1\/38\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:11:15Z","timestamp":1768551075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/9\/1\/38"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk9010038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk9010038","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]}}}