{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T17:47:55Z","timestamp":1783446475525,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Teachers usually present work-related pain such as neck pain. Their posture could be the cause of these problems; indeed, it is often a sway-back posture. Furthermore, teachers can also experience problems with their voice such as dysphonia, specifically muscle tension dysphonia (MTD). This scoping review aims to find the correlation between teachers\u2019 posture and MTD. It also studies how a posture-based treatment can influence this disorder. Randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies that considered the relationship between posture and MTD and that included teachers in their sample. The search led to an initial number of 396 articles; after the screening process, a final number of eight articles were included. A total of 303 patients were analyzed and all showed altered alignment of the head around the cervical spine with hypertonus of the cricothyroid, suprahyoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles. Although MTD is a disorder with a multifactorial etiology, the articles revealed a correlation between posture and MTD related to a forward protraction of the cervical spine with a hypertonus of the laryngeal and hyoid musculature. This study also detected that an intervention in posture could reduce vocal disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9020060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T12:52:12Z","timestamp":1711630332000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Relationship between Posture and Muscle Tensive Dysphonia in Teachers: A Systematic Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9084-5450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Franzone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8106-537X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Petrigna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Signorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8260-8890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Musumeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(02)00082-1","article-title":"The role of voice quality in communicating emotion, mood and attitude","volume":"40","author":"Gobl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJSLP-17-0009","article-title":"Recommended protocols for instrumental assessment of voice: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association expert panel to develop a protocol for instrumental assessment of vocal function","volume":"27","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech-Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80231-0","article-title":"Expression of emotion in voice and music","volume":"9","author":"Scherer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2014.02.001","article-title":"Automatic intelligibility classification of sentence-level pathological speech","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Lang."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"175","article-title":"The Influence of Bernoulli\u2019s Effect on the Function of the Vocal Cords","volume":"15","author":"Hruza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4964509","article-title":"Mechanics of human voice production and control","volume":"140","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2012.04.001","article-title":"Vocal tract anatomy and the neural bases of talking","volume":"40","author":"Lieberman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. (2018). Proceedings of the 2017 International Seminar on Social Science and Humanities Research (SSHR 2017), Atlantis Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2014.09.003","article-title":"How do laryngeal and respiratory functions contribute to differentiate actors\/actresses and untrained voices?","volume":"29","author":"Master","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3109\/14015430903313776","article-title":"The movement of the diaphragm monitored by ultrasound imaging: Preliminary findings of diaphragm movements in classical singing","volume":"35","author":"Pettersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Logop. Phoniatr. Vocology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2014.07.022","article-title":"The effects of articulation on the perceived loudness of the projected voice","volume":"29","author":"Myers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Monta\u00f1o Aparicio, R. (2016). Prosodic and Voice Quality Cross-Language Analysis of Storytelling Expressive Categories Oriented to Text-To-Speech Synthesis. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"39","article-title":"A comparative study of surgical treatment versus conservative treatment of vocal cord nodules in tertiary care hospital","volume":"9","author":"Khatua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1675391","article-title":"Vocal fold polyps: Literature review","volume":"23","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.06.032","article-title":"Voice quality after treatment of early vocal cord cancer: A randomized trial comparing laser surgery with radiation therapy","volume":"90","author":"Aaltonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316160","article-title":"Vocal cord granulomas diagnosed on reviewing videolaryngoscopy images","volume":"105","author":"Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02991943","article-title":"A Clinico-pathological study of Reinke\u2019s oedema","volume":"55","author":"Goswami","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Sasaki, C.T. (2024, January 22). Polipi, Noduli e Granulomi delle Corde Vocali\u2014Disturbi di Orecchio, Naso e Gola. Manuali MSD Edizione Professionisti. Manuali MSD. Available online: https:\/\/www.msdmanuals.com\/it\/casa\/problemi-di-orecchie,-naso-e-gola\/disturbi-della-laringe\/polipi-noduli-e-granulomi-delle-corde-vocali."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg202","article-title":"Clinical, electrophysiological and morphological findings of Charcot\u2013Marie\u2013Tooth neuropathy with vocal cord palsy and mutations in the GDAP1 gene","volume":"126","author":"Sevilla","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S68631","article-title":"Functional dysphonia: Strategies to improve patient outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Behlau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Patient Relat. Outcome Meas."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2020.12.039","article-title":"Coaching strategies for behavioral voice therapy and training","volume":"37","author":"Behlau","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e328339376c","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of muscle tension dysphonia and spasmodic dysphonia","volume":"18","author":"Roy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.803","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors for perceived voice disorders in public school teachers","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000316310","article-title":"School teachers\u2019 vocal use, risk factors, and voice disorder prevalence: Guidelines to detect teachers with current voice problems","volume":"63","year":"2011","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqs145","article-title":"Occupational and individual risk factors for dysphonia in teachers","volume":"62","author":"Bassi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2010.29.7.1023","article-title":"High-frequency sonographic measurements of true and false vocal cords","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s13158-017-0184-6","article-title":"Sounds of education: Teacher role and use of voice in interactions with young children","volume":"49","author":"Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Early Child."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2006.10.001","article-title":"Acoustic measures and self-reports of vocal fatigue by female teachers","volume":"22","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ca\u00e7ador, M., and Pa\u00e7o, J. (2018). The Influence of Posture and Balance on Voice: A Review: A Influ\u00eancia da Postura e do Equil\u00edbrio na Voz: Revis\u00e3o. Gaz. M\u00e9d., 5, Available online: http:\/\/www.gazetamedica.com\/index.php\/gazeta\/article\/view\/159.","DOI":"10.29315\/gm.v5i2.159"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087401600602","article-title":"A numerical definition of posture","volume":"16","author":"Priel","year":"1974","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-0884-1","article-title":"The demands of professional opera singing on cranio-cervical posture","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"e123","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement","volume":"3","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction\u2014GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence\u2014Study limitations (risk of bias)","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2021.103194","article-title":"PICO: What it is and what it is not","volume":"56","author":"Schiavenato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35118","DOI":"10.1590\/fm.2022.35118","article-title":"Effect of pompage on pain, disability and craniocervical position of female teachers-Randomized clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Andriollo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fisioter. Em Mov."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635.e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2021.03.029","article-title":"Myofascial release effects in teachers\u2019 posture, muscle tension and voice quality: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Cardoso","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"225","article-title":"Assessment of the influence of osteopathic myofascial techniques on normalization of the vocal tract functions in patients with occupational dysphonia","volume":"25","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933.e23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2020.02.011","article-title":"Associations between teachers\u2019 posture, muscle tension and voice complaints","volume":"35","author":"Cardoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colla, C.N., Andriollo, D.B., and Cielo, C.A. (2022). Self-assessment of teachers with normal larynges and vocal and osteomuscular complaints. J. Voice.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2022.04.001"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/21695717.2017.1379677","article-title":"The effect of speech rehabilitation therapy for muscle tension dysphonia on global postural strategy","volume":"15","author":"Faralli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Balance Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000084134","article-title":"Muscular tension and body posture in relation to voice handicap and voice quality in teachers with persistent voice complaints","volume":"57","author":"Kooijman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000487593","article-title":"Teachers\u2019 working postures and their effects on the voice","volume":"70","author":"Rantala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.22482","article-title":"Position of the hyoid and larynx in people with muscle tension dysphonia","volume":"122","author":"Lowell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rppneu.2013.03.004","article-title":"Correlation between pulmonary function, posture, and body composition in patients with asthma","volume":"19","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Pneumol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1590\/S1809-48722010000400014","article-title":"Altera\u00e7\u00f5es musculares e esquel\u00e9ticas cervicais em mulheres disf\u00f4nicas","volume":"14","author":"Menoncin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arq. Int. Otorrinolaringol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-200697","article-title":"Evaluation of vocal changes after vestibular rehabilitation in patients with balance disorders","volume":"30","author":"Papoila","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2019.01.011","article-title":"The Impact of Respiratory Exercises on Voice Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"34","author":"Desjardins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/9\/2\/60\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:20:15Z","timestamp":1760106015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/9\/2\/60"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk9020060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk9020060","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]}}}