{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T07:00:26Z","timestamp":1779260426204,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pelvic tilt angle on maximum hip and knee muscles\u2019 strength and antagonist\/agonist strength ratios. Twenty-one young males and females performed maximum isokinetic concentric knee extension\u2013flexion and hip extension\u2013flexion efforts at 60\u00b0\u00b7s\u22121, 120\u00b0\u00b7s\u22121, and 180\u00b0\u00b7s\u22121 from three positions: anterior, neutral, and posterior pelvic tilt. Peak torques and knee flexor-to-extensor and hip flexor-to-extensor torque ratios were analyzed. An analysis of variance showed that peak hip extensor torque was significantly greater in the anterior pelvic tilt condition compared to either neutral or posterior pelvic tilt angles (p &gt; 0.05). No effects of changing pelvic tilt angle on hip flexor, knee flexor, or knee extension values were found (p &gt; 0.05). The hip flexor-to-extensor torque ratio decreased (p &lt; 0.05) in the anterior pelvic tilt position relative to the other positions, while no difference in the knee flexor-to-extensor ratio between pelvic positions was observed (p &gt; 0.05). This study shows that an increased anterior pelvic tilt affects the maximum isokinetic strength of the hip extensors, supporting previous suggestions regarding the link between pelvic position and hip and knee muscle function. Isokinetic testing from an anterior pelvic tilt position may alter the evaluation of hip flexion\/extension strength.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9020073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T04:44:26Z","timestamp":1712897066000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Does Pelvic Tilt Angle Influence the Isokinetic Strength of the Hip and Knee Flexors and Extensors?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8179-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Kellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, TEFAA Serres, Agios Ioannis, 62100 Serres, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Konstantopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, TEFAA Serres, Agios Ioannis, 62100 Serres, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3610-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Salonikios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, TEFAA Serres, Agios Ioannis, 62100 Serres, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6451-122X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Ellinoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, TEFAA Serres, Agios Ioannis, 62100 Serres, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kellis, E., and Blazevich, A.J. (2022). Hamstrings Force-Length Relationships and Their Implications for Angle-Specific Joint Torques: A Narrative Review. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-022-00555-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00181-X","article-title":"The Importance of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscle Loading on Knee Kinematics and In-Situ Forces in the ACL","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2022.2122827","article-title":"Muscle Injury Characteristics and Incidence Rates in Men\u2019s Amateur Soccer: A One Season Prospective Study","volume":"32","author":"Kekelekis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01474-1","article-title":"Is Pre-Season Eccentric Strength Testing During the Nordic Hamstring Exercise Associated with Future Hamstring Strain Injury? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"51","author":"Opar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.01.002","article-title":"Is Hamstrings-to-Quadriceps Torque Ratio Useful for Predicting Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Hamstring Injuries? A Systematic and Critical Review","volume":"12","author":"Kellis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20200967","article-title":"Strength and Fatigue Measurements of the Hip Flexor and Hip Extensor Muscles: Test-Retest Reliability and Limb Dominance Effect","volume":"15","author":"Krantz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199519030-00005","article-title":"Isokinetic Eccentric Exercise","volume":"19","author":"Kellis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301411","article-title":"A Functional-Anatomical Approach to the Spine-Pelvis Mechanism: Interaction between the Biceps Femoris Muscle and the Sacrotuberous Ligament","volume":"2","author":"Vleeming","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.02.008","article-title":"What Factors Can Affect Lumbopelvic Flexion-Extension Motion in the Sagittal Plane?: A Literature Review","volume":"58","author":"Zawadka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-103016","article-title":"Prone Hip Extension Muscle Recruitment Is Associated with Hamstring Injury Risk in Amateur Soccer","volume":"38","author":"Schuermans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.11.003","article-title":"The Impact of Core Muscles Training on the Range of Anterior Pelvic Tilt in Subjects with Increased Stiffness of the Hamstrings","volume":"57","author":"Kuszewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514545861","article-title":"Lumbopelvic Control and Days Missed Because of Injury in Professional Baseball Pitchers","volume":"42","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12464","article-title":"The Biomechanics of Running in Athletes with Previous Hamstring Injury: A Case-Control Study","volume":"26","author":"Daly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.06.268","article-title":"Deviating Running Kinematics and Hamstring Injury Susceptibility in Male Soccer Players: Cause or Consequence?","volume":"57","author":"Schuermans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0305","article-title":"Effect of Pelvic Stabilization and Hip Position on Trunk Extensor Activity during Back Extension Exercises on a Roman Chair","volume":"41","author":"Arsenault","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2016.03.012","article-title":"The Difference in Passive Tension Applied to the Muscles Composing the Hamstrings\u2014Comparison among Muscles Using Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography","volume":"24","author":"Nakamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318234eb46","article-title":"Knee Joint Strength Ratios and Effects of Hip Position in Rugby Players","volume":"26","author":"Deighan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2004.06.003","article-title":"Reliability of Surface EMG during Sustained Contractions of the Quadriceps","volume":"15","author":"Mathur","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2012.03.003","article-title":"Balance of Hip and Trunk Muscle Activity Is Associated with Increased Anterior Pelvic Tilt during Prone Hip Extension","volume":"22","author":"Tateuchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3025","article-title":"Kinesiology of the Hip: A Focus on Muscular Actions","volume":"40","author":"Neumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1845439","article-title":"Training-Induced Changes in Anterior Pelvic Tilt: Potential Implications for Hamstring Strain Injuries Management","volume":"39","author":"Mendiguchia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/66.8.1220","article-title":"Hamstring Muscle Strain Treated by Mobilizing the Sacroiliac Joint","volume":"66","author":"Cibulka","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1195","article-title":"Effect of Initial Position on the Muscle Activity of the Hip Extensors and Amount of Pelvic Tilt during Prone Hip Extension","volume":"27","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552009005000045","article-title":"Gluteus Maximus and Semitendinosus Activation during Active Prone Hip Extension Exercises","volume":"13","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Fisioter."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2020.09.006","article-title":"Comparison of Pelvic Tilt Before and After Hip Flexor Stretching in Healthy Adults","volume":"44","author":"Preece","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.E9900","article-title":"Analysis of Muscle Activity during Active Pelvic Tilting in Sagittal Plane","volume":"19","author":"Takaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202822","article-title":"Soccer Fatigue, Sprinting and Hamstring Injury Risk","volume":"30","author":"Small","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/9\/2\/73\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:26:46Z","timestamp":1760106406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/9\/2\/73"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk9020073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk9020073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]}}}