{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T13:35:48Z","timestamp":1787664948225,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review aims to reveal the effectiveness of myofunctional speech therapy on facial rejuvenation and\/or improvement of orofacial function. A systematic review of four medical electronic databases (Medline, Google Scholar, SciELO, and LILACS) was conducted between January and March 2023. The research question was defined using the PICO model: Population (P): adult subjects with signs of physiological aging of facial skin. Intervention (I): aesthetic speech therapy (facial exercises and\/or myofunctional therapy). Control (C): absence of treatment. Outcome (O): facial rejuvenation. Through the search process, a total of 472 potentially relevant articles were identified. A total of 21 studies were included in the review. Most of the studies required the participants to perform exercises learned during the weekly session on a daily basis. The subjects underwent an integrated treatment with facial exercises and worked on the stomatognathic functions for different durations. Many differences were found in the evaluation tools used to investigate the starting situation and the effects obtained following the treatment. At the diagnostic level, there was no concordance in the choice of the most appropriate scales and assessment tools, but great heterogeneity was observed. Indeed, forty-eight percent of the studies collected objective data through the use of various instruments (oral devices, electromyographs, cutometers, muscle ultrasound scans, and laser scans of the face). The observed improvements included not only a reduction in wrinkles and frown lines but also decreased muscle tension and slackness, enhanced facial symmetry and lip competence, improved skin elasticity, and restored stomatognathic function. These changes led to myofunctional restoration and facial rejuvenation, resulting in increased satisfaction with self-image and proprioception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9020099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T11:50:09Z","timestamp":1717588209000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Myofunctional Speech Therapy for Facial Rejuvenation and Orofacial Function Improvement: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-7765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Levrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Innovation and Territory, Post Graduate School in Orthodontics, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Baldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 20131 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0376-8706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 35141 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigia","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5145-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Paola Bruna","family":"Dellavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4896-0342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Giannotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Innovation and Territory, Post Graduate School in Orthodontics, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4179-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0151-1764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Saran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Innovation and Territory, Post Graduate School in Orthodontics, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.06.001","article-title":"The body and cognition: The relation between body representations and higher level cognitive and social processes","volume":"104","author":"Dijkerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"111","article-title":"Fonoaudiologia e est\u00e9tica: Unidas a favor da beleza facial","volume":"4","author":"Takacs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. 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