{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:58:20Z","timestamp":1787943500193,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is one of the most debated methods involving several parameters that could be modulated, but the long-term adaptations it induces are still unclear. This investigation aimed to evaluate the efficacy of running and whole-body exercises with high-intensity (&gt;80% heart rate) short intervals (30 s) in body composition and physical performance and compare the effects between groups with active (AR) or passive recovery (PR), both in males and females. Methods: Eighteen trained young adults (55.56% \u2640) were randomly allocated to the PR (n = 9, 23.09 \u00b1 2.56 years, 163.69 \u00b1 9.88 cm, 68.96 \u00b1 14.62 kg) or AR (n = 9, 22.05 \u00b1 1.54 years, 170.61 \u00b1 11.5 cm, 68.78 \u00b1 12.45 kg) group. Both groups performed eight weeks of HIIT, with an equal progression, training, and volume load (TL: F = 1.55, p = 0.214; VL: F = 0.81, p = 0.505). Body fat (BF), fat-free mass (FFM), upper and lower limb fat (UFI, LFI) and muscle areas (UMA, LMA), handgrip strength (HGS), power (countermovement jump, CMJ), agility (5-0-5), and maximal oxygen consumption (V\u02d9O2p) were tested before and after treatments. Results: The proposed HIIT reduced BF by 9.57% and increased FFM by 2.09%. Females reported better adaptations in LMA (8.34 times higher than males), while both sexes\u2019 upper limb mass distribution was better affected by PR (\u2640: UFI g = 1.851, 95% CI: 0.51, 3.14; \u2642: UFI g = 2.456, 95% CI: 0.336, 4.487). Concerning conditioning, the protocol increased V\u02d9O2p by 6.47%. Females showed better adaptations in CMJ (RR = 1.8), while males showed better adaptations in agility (RR = 3.76). The interaction effects were significant for PR females (right = +6.28%; left = +9.28%) and for AR males (right = +19.21%; left = +19.04%) in HGS. Conclusions: Short-interval HIIT with different exercise recovery types may be a practical solution in training where several physiological improvements are needed. Coaches and trainers can take advantage of the versatile nature of HIIT, relying on desired movement patterns and long-term responses in both male and female individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9040229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T05:21:59Z","timestamp":1731388919000},"page":"229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Long-Term Physiological Adaptations Induced by Short-Interval High-Intensity Exercises: An RCT Comparing Active and Passive Recovery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8171-5096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Mauro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Quality, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7788-5175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardino Javier","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Alcaraz Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6525-0532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasqualino","family":"Maietta Latessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Quality, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Marini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5478-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Toselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Quality, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1249\/FIT.0000000000000933","article-title":"2024 ACSM Worldwide Fitness Trends: Future Directions of the Health and Fitness Industry","volume":"28","author":"Newsome","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACSM\u2019s Health Fit. 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