{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:52:24Z","timestamp":1789541544066,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional soft tissue simulation has become a popular tool in the process of virtual orthognathic surgery planning and patient\u2013surgeon communication. To apply 3D soft tissue simulation software in routine clinical practice, both qualitative and quantitative validation of its accuracy are required. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on the accuracy of 3D soft tissue simulation in orthognathic surgery. The Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases were consulted for the literature search. The systematic review (SR) was conducted according to the PRISMA statement, and 40 articles fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Quadas-2 tool was used for the risk of bias assessment for selected studies. A mean error varying from 0.27 mm to 2.9 mm for 3D soft tissue simulations for the whole face was reported. In the studies evaluating 3D soft tissue simulation accuracy after a Le Fort I osteotomy only, the upper lip and paranasal regions were reported to have the largest error, while after an isolated bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, the largest error was reported for the lower lip and chin regions. In the studies evaluating simulation after bimaxillary osteotomy with or without genioplasty, the highest inaccuracy was reported at the level of the lips, predominantly the lower lip, chin, and, sometimes, the paranasal regions. Due to the variability in the study designs and analysis methods, a direct comparison was not possible. Therefore, based on the results of this SR, guidelines to systematize the workflow for evaluating the accuracy of 3D soft tissue simulations in orthognathic surgery in future studies are proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging10050119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T03:35:55Z","timestamp":1715744155000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Accuracy of Three-Dimensional Soft Tissue Simulation in Orthognathic Surgery\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Olejnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, AZ Sint-Jan, Ruddershove 10, 8000 Bruges, Belgium"},{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Craniomaxillofacial Center for Children and Young Adults, Regional Specialized Children\u2019s Hospital, ul. Zolnierska 18A, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Verstraete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas-Marijn","family":"Croonenborghs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, AZ Sint-Jan, Ruddershove 10, 8000 Bruges, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantinus","family":"Politis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwen R. J.","family":"Swennen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, AZ Sint-Jan, Ruddershove 10, 8000 Bruges, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200603000-00019","article-title":"A New Method of 3-D Cephalometry Part I","volume":"17","author":"Swennen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swennen, G.R.J., Schutyser, F., and Hausamen, J.-E. (2006). Three-Dimensional Cephalometry, Springer. 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