{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T18:35:00Z","timestamp":1779302100096,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencia, Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento del Gobierno deArag\u00f3n","award":["E44\u221223R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E44\u221223R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The balance between cortical excitation and inhibition (E\/I balance) in the cerebral cortex is critical for cognitive processing and neuroplasticity. Modulation of this balance has been linked to a wide range of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The human visual system has well-differentiated magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) pathways, which provide a useful model to study cortical excitability using non-invasive visual flicker stimulation. We present an Arduino-driven non-image forming system to deliver controlled flickering light stimuli at different frequencies and wavelengths. By triggering the critical flicker fusion (CFF) frequency, we attempt to modulate the M-pathway activity and attenuate P-pathway responses, in parallel with induced optical scattering. EEG recordings were used to monitor cortical excitability and oscillatory dynamics during visual stimulation. Visual stimulation in the CFF, combined with induced optical scattering, selectively enhanced magnocellular activity and suppressed parvocellular input. EEG analysis showed a modulation of cortical oscillations, especially in the high frequency beta and gamma range. Our results support the hypothesis that visual flicker in the CFF, in addition to spatial degradation, initiates detectable neuroplasticity and regulates cortical excitation and inhibition. These findings suggest new avenues for therapeutic manipulation through visual pathways in diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, epilepsy, severe depression, and schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging11070237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T07:54:23Z","timestamp":1752479663000},"page":"237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Visual Neuroplasticity: Modulating Cortical Excitability with Flickering Light Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9068-7728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"\u00c1vila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11828","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11828","article-title":"Circadian regulation of human cortical excitability","volume":"7","author":"Ly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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