{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T09:40:09Z","timestamp":1768556409400,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although modern web technologies increasingly rely on high-performance rendering methods to support rich visual content across a range of devices and operating systems, the field remains significantly under-researched. The performance of animated visual elements is affected by numerous factors, including browsers, operating systems, GPU acceleration, scripting load, and device limitations. This study systematically evaluates animation performance across multiple platforms using a unified set of circle-based animations implemented with eight web-compatible technologies, including HTML, CSS, SVG, JavaScript, Canvas, and WebGL. Animations were evaluated under controlled feature combinations involving random motion, distance, colour variation, blending, and transformations, with object counts ranging from 10 to 10,000. Measurements were conducted on desktop operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux) and mobile platforms (iOS, Android), using CPU utilisation, GPU memory usage, and frame rate (FPS) as key metrics. Results show that DOM-based approaches maintain stable performance at 100 animated objects but exhibit notable degradation by 500 objects. Canvas-based rendering extends usability to higher object counts, while WebGL demonstrates the most stable performance at large scales (5000\u201310,000 objects). These findings provide concrete guidance for selecting appropriate animation technologies based on scene complexity and target platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging12010045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T14:35:38Z","timestamp":1768487738000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Cross-Device and Cross-OS Benchmark of Modern Web Animation Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6078-8571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tajana","family":"Koren Ivan\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zagreb Faculty of Graphic Arts, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7461-7325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trpimir Jeronim","family":"Je\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zagreb Faculty of Graphic Arts, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0426-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolina","family":"Stani\u0107 Loknar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zagreb Faculty of Graphic Arts, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahire, A., Evans, A., and Blat, J. (2015, January 18\u201321). Animation on the web: A survey. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on 3D Web Technology, Heraklion, Greece.","DOI":"10.1145\/2775292.2775298"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"197","article-title":"Comparison of animation display technologies in different web browsers","volume":"2","author":"Harmadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zb. Veleu\u010d. U Rijeci"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciman, M., Gaggi, O., and Gonzo, N. (2014, January 24\u201328). Cross-platform mobile development: A study on apps with animations. Proceedings of the 29th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC\u201914), Gyeongju, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/2554850.2555104"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi\u00f8rn-Hansen, A., Gr\u00f8nli, T.-M., and Ghinea, G. (2019). Animations in Cross-Platform Mobile Applications: An Evaluation of Tools, Metrics and Performance. 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Res., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer20040306"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/12\/1\/45\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T15:15:34Z","timestamp":1768490134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/12\/1\/45"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging12010045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging12010045","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]}}}